山水林田湖草沙复合系统治理演进与多目标优化研究综述

A review on the governance evolution and multi-objective optimization in the mountains-waters-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands-deserts complex system

摘要

山水林田湖草沙系统是生态-经济-社会协同发展的典型复合系统，但该系统的治理演进与多目标优化研究仍缺乏归纳。我国过去76年治理历程可分为5个逐步深化阶段：萌芽探索期（1949−1978年）奠定单目标治理基础；系统治理初期（1979−1998年）形成多目标协同治理雏形；系统治理推进期（1999−2012年）治理上升为国家战略；生态文明深化期（2013−2020年）确立“生命共同体”理论；智慧治理新时期（2021年至今）推动技术融合创新。结果表明：面向该系统的“综合最优”目标，通常需依托基于自然的解决方案与跨部门协同，并在保障生态系统服务功能稳定的前提下，刻画生态-经济-社会效益的帕累托最优权衡关系。进一步归纳多目标优化方法在该系统多个领域的应用模式及效益目标函数设置，涉及经济效益、生态效益、适宜性与土地紧凑性等维度的综合权衡。当前研究总体呈现智能算法与系统治理需求深度融合的发展趋势。系统总结了山水林田湖草沙复合系统的治理理论与实践演进及相关优化研究进展，可为类似系统治理研究提供科学借鉴。

Abstract

The mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts form a typical complex system that supports the coordinated development of ecology, economy, and society. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive studies on how governance evolves and how to optimize multiple objectives within this system. This study reviews China's 76-year governance process: the budding and exploratory phase (1949-1978) laid the foundation for single-objective governance; the initial phase of systematic governance (1979-1998) formed the prototype of multi-objective coordinated governance; the advancement phase (1999-2012) elevated governance to the level of a national strategy; the deepening of ecological civilization phase (2013-2020) established the "community of life" theory; and the new era of intelligent governance (2021-present) promotes technological integration and innovation. Related research indicates that achieving "comprehensive optimality" for this system typically requires reliance on nature-based solutions and cross-sectoral collaboration, while safeguarding the stability of ecosystem service functions and identifying Pareto-optimal trade-offs among ecological, economic, and social benefits. This paper further summarizes the application patterns and objective function specifications of multi-objective optimization methods across multiple domains in this system, covering comprehensive trade-offs across dimensions such as economic and ecological benefits, suitability and land compactness. Current research indicates a trend toward deep integration of intelligent algorithms and governance requirements. This systematic review of the theoretical and practical evolution of governance for the mountains-waters-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands-deserts complex system, as well as related optimization research progress, serves as a valuable resource for similar system governance studies.

关键词

生命共同体 / 治理 / 生态修复 / 历程 / 多目标优化

Key words

community of life / governance / ecological restoration / process / multi-objective optimization

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFF1306305)