岱海流域平原区地下水化学特征及形成机制

Hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of groundwater in the plain area of the Daihai basin

摘要

为揭示补水背景下岱海流域平原区地下水化学特征及演化机制，进行系统水化学调查。结果表明：地下水化学类型沿山前至湖滨带由HCO₃-(Ca·Mg)型淡水逐渐过渡为HCO₃-Na型微咸水，水化学组成主要受水岩相互作用与蒸发浓缩效应共同控制；岱海南、北岸分别出现NO⁻₃与F⁻异常，反映农业与矿业活动对地下水环境的差异化影响；水质评价结果显示，地下水质量呈现“东北优，西南劣”的空间格局；生态补水的影响表现出显著的空间分异特征，湖滨带及岱海西侧NO⁻₃质量浓度下降体现了淡水稀释对农业面源污染的改善作用；岱海西侧TDS、Na⁺、Cl⁻等离子质量浓度升高可能与地下水位抬升引发的蒸发浓缩及水岩作用增强有关。研究结果为区域地下水资源保护与利用提供了科学依据。

Abstract

The Daihai basin is located in Inner Mongolia's arid to semi-arid zone. The groundwater environment in the alluvial-pluvial and lacustrine plains has changed dramatically in recent years as a result of the combined effects of natural processes and human activities. In 2022, forty-nine groups of samples including lake water, tributary river water and groundwater were systematically collected under the background of the ecological emergency water replenishment project to identify hydrochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms. The entropy weighted water quality index method, hydrochemical analysis, self-organizing map clustering, and multivariate statistics were all used extensively. The results showed that the groundwater could be divided into three representative types. Cluster-1 was mainly distributed in the downstream of Gongba River, Wuhao River and Tiancheng River. The hydrochemical types were HCO₃-(Na·Mg) and Cl-(Na·Mg). The average TDS mass concentration was 1306.14 mg/L, with half of the samples representing brackish water. Cluster-2 was distributed along the western lakeside zone of Daihai, dominated by HCO₃-Na type, with a mean TDS mass concentration of 1 311.82 mg/L. Cluster-3 was identified as mixed fresh water, characterized by HCO₃-(Ca·Mg), HCO₃-(Ca·Na), and HCO₃-(Na·Mg), with a mean TDS mass concentration of 371.72 mg/L. Eighty-nine percent of the samples were directly potable, with I_EWQ values less than fifty. Comparison with surface water revealed that Daihai Lake had a typical Na-Cl hydrochemical signature. The main inflow rivers displayed diverse compositions, with HCO₃-(Ca·Na) type for the Gongba River, HCO₃-(Mg·Ca) type for the Daheyan River, and HCO₃-(Mg·Na) type for the Tiancheng River. Spatial variation revealed significant heterogeneity of hydrochemical constituents. High-value zones of TDS, Cl⁻, SO²⁻₄, NO⁻₃, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ mass concentration were concentrated near the Daihai-adjacent side of Liusumu Town, forming a distinct southwestern high-mineralization belt. The anomalous zone of fluoride emerged on the northern shore of Daihai, the high-value zone of nitrate mass concentration was primarily found along the southern shore, and the mass concentration of calcium showed a declining trend from the periphery toward the center. Ion source analysis revealed that in Cluster-1, Na⁺ was mainly derived from halite dissolution, whereas Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ originated from carbonate mineral dissolution. In Cluster-2, Na ⁺ was predominantly contributed by silicate weathering, while Cl⁻ and SO²⁻₄ were influenced by carbonate minerals. In Cluster-3, Cl⁻ and SO²⁻₄ were controlled primarily by carbonate minerals, whereas Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were governed by silicate weathering. Different cation exchange processes were observed in all clusters. Water quality evaluation demonstrated that seventy percent of samples in Cluster-1 and Cluster-2 were classified as Class V, with Cl⁻, NO⁻₃, and F⁻ as the primary pollutants, requiring advanced treatment before utilization. Conversely, 92.6% of Cluster-3 samples met Class I and II requirements and were fit for direct consumption, with I_EWQ values below fifty. Groundwater quality varied spatially, with it being "superior in the northeast and inferior in the southwest". This study revealed the hydrochemical features and spatial differentiation of groundwater in the Daihai basin. Mineral dissolution, silicate weathering, and cation exchange were found to be the most important factors controlling groundwater composition. The results provided a scientific basis for groundwater conservation and rational utilization in the region. It was suggested that to ensure sustainable use of local water resources, targeted remediation should be implemented in the southwestern high-mineralization zone, while high-quality water resources in the northeast should be given priority for protection.

关键词

水化学特征 / 水岩作用 / 岱海流域冲洪积平原 / 熵权水质指数 / 生态补水

Key words

hydrochemical characteristics / water-rock interaction / alluvial-pluvial plain of the Daihai basin / entropy weighted water quality index / ecological water replenishment

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基金资助

水利部重大科技项目(SKS-2022062)

河北省水资源可持续利用与产业结构优化协同创新中心研究生科技创新计划项目(zxtzx09)

2024年度水资源协同创新中心开放基金项目(XTCX202405)

河北地质大学2025年校级在读研究生创新能力培养资助项目(CXZZ2025005)