春旱期间小清河济南段浮游动物群落演替特征

Succession characteristics of zooplankton communities in Jinan section of Xiaoqing River during spring drought

摘要

为探究华北平原春旱期间浮游动物群落的演变特征及与环境因子的关系，于2024年1−6月对小清河济南段进行综合调查。结果表明：研究期间共鉴定出浮游动物4类103种，划分为7大功能群。物种组成在时空上无明显变化，种群以原生动物和轮虫类为主，功能群以轮虫滤食者（rotifers filter feeders，RF）和原生动物滤食者（protozoas filter feeders，PF）为主。种群密度组成呈现显著的时间变化特征，1−3月以原生动物为主，4−6月演变为轮虫类为主，功能群密度呈现由原生动物捕食者（protozoas camivera，PC）和PF向轮虫捕食者（rotifers camivera，RC）和RF的演变规律，空间上密度组成差异不大。干旱期间种群和功能群的群落演替主要受水温影响，与总氮（TN）等营养盐关系较小，轮虫类、桡足类、RC和小型浮游动物滤食者（small copepods and elaocera gilter feeders，SCF）功能群受化学需氧量（COD）和五日生化需氧量（BOD₅）影响显著。与非干旱年（2023年）对比，干旱年水位较低，多数水环境因子呈现出较高的数值水平，物种密度及生物量较低，但物种数量较多、生物多样性程度更高，说明轻度干旱能够提高群落多样性和稳定性水平，但抑制了群落的生长繁殖规模。因此，探究干旱条件下浮游动物群落结构及多样性变化，对揭示水生态系统对环境胁迫的响应机制及水生态保护具有重要意义。

Abstract

The North China Plain experienced consecutive spring droughts in 2024 with precipitation 20% to 40% below the multi-year average, which had significant impacts on river eco-hydrological environments. While there is extensive research on zooplankton community structure in the Xiaoqing River under normal hydrological conditions, studies on drought-induced responses of population and functional group structures are limited. Therefore, to identify changes in aquatic ecosystem stability and to provide scientific support for water ecological protection and restoration strategies during drought periods, an analysis of the evolutionary trends of zooplankton community structure and biodiversity under drought stress was undertaken. From January to June 2024, thorough monthly analyses of zooplankton and water environment parameters were carried out at six sampling locations along the Xiaoqing River's main stem. Community metrics such as dominance, Margalef richness index, Pielou evenness index, and Shannon-Weiner diversity index were calculated using species identification and density data. In order to determine the driving mechanisms between zooplankton communities and environmental factors while evaluating the effects of drought, non-metric multidimensional scaling and Mantel tests were used to compare community structure and biodiversity variations between drought and non-drought years. Investigation revealed one hundred and three zooplankton species belonging to four taxonomic groups in the Jinan section, categorized into seven functional groups. Both populations and functional groups showed little spatiotemporal variation in species composition, with protozoans and rotifers dominating populations and filter-feeders and predator-flagellates dominating functional groups. Density composition showed significant temporal variation, with protozoan dominance from January to March and rotifer prevalence from April to June. Functional group densities shifted from piercer-carnivores and predator-flagellates toward raptorial-carnivores and filter-feeders. In comparison to non-drought conditions, the drought year had lower water levels but generally higher water quality parameters, as well as lower species density and biomass but increased species richness and biodiversity indices. Water temperature fluctuations were the primary driver of community succession during a drought. Rotifers, copepods, and specific functional groups demonstrated significant correlations with chemical oxygen demand and five-day biochemical oxygen demand, whereas zooplankton biodiversity and dominant species showed weaker relationships with nutrients, including total nitrogen. The pattern of elevated water quality parameters coupled with reduced zooplankton density and biomass but enhanced species richness and biodiversity during the 2024 drought indicates that mild drought conditions may improve zooplankton community diversity and stability while simultaneously suppressing growth and reproduction, ultimately reducing overall density and biomass.

关键词

浮游动物 / 群落演替 / 时空变化 / 干旱影响 / 小清河

Key words

zooplankton / community succession / spatiotemporal variation / drought impact / Xiaoqing River

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(51909104)

山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2019BEE064)