长距离供水工程余压发电系统调节保证措施

Regulation and protection measures for excess energy generation system in long distance water supply project

摘要

为解决长距离供水工程与引水式水电站耦联形成的余压发电系统，在水轮机甩负荷工况下易发生水锤破坏威胁供水和发电双安全的问题，提出一种套筒式减压阀与管道一体式水轮机进水阀协联调节的水力控制方案（简称“协联调节方案”）。通过数值仿真，系统评估调压井设置方案（简称“调压井方案”）及协联调节方案对机组转速、进水阀进口管道压力及尾水管进口压力的调控效果。结果表明：调压井方案虽能保障机组和供水主管的运行安全，但其结构尺寸较大，投资高昂且施工期需中断供水；而协联调节方案无须增加额外设备投资，是一种经济合理的余压发电系统水力控制方案。通过优化套筒式减压阀与管道一体式水轮机进水阀的协联调节规律，能够实现对甩负荷过渡过程的精准调控：一方面可大幅降低甩负荷引发的水锤压力峰值，避免造成爆管和机组损伤；另一方面可快速平抑下游供水流量波动，保障供水稳定性。研究成果可为长距离供水工程余压发电系统的设计与运行安全提供技术支撑。

Abstract

Currently, China has constructed a large number of long-distance water supply projects with significant elevation drops and stable water volumes, offering tremendous potential for developing excess energy generation retrofits. Excess energy generation system (EETS) essentially constitutes a pressurized pipeline water conveyance system formed by coupling a long-distance water supply project with a diversion-type hydropower plant. The system pipeline is long and has numerous boundary conditions. In addition, the pipeline pressure and operating conditions are designed according to the water supply project, without considering the operating conditions of the hydropower station after excess energy generation retrofits. Therefore, when a load rejection accident occurs, it is easy to cause water hammer damage, threatening the operation of water supply and power generation. In response to the above issues, a one-dimensional simulation model of the hydraulic transition process of load rejection in the EETS was established, including boundary conditions such as surge tank, hydro-generator unit, and control valve. The method of characteristic (MOC) was used to solve the model, thereby obtaining the time domain variation process and extreme value of regulation guarantee parameters, such as the pressure at the inlet valve, the pressure at the draft tube inlet, and the maximum speed increase rate of the unit. Taking an EETS as the research object, the control effects of load rejection process of different hydraulic control schemes are compared and analyzed by one-dimensional numerical simulation. The results show that: the maximum pressure at the inlet valve is reduced from 168.68 m without the surge tank to 87.43 m with the surge tank participating in the regulation, and the decrease is more than 80 m; the minimum pressure at the inlet valve has increased by more than 25 m, ensuring that no negative pressure is generated in the main pipe; the maximum speed increase rate of the unit decreased by about 5.4%. This indicates that the regulating pressure effect of the surge tank is very significant and can effectively reflect the water hammer wave caused by the accident load rejection of the turbine. Although a new surge tank can ensure the safe operation of the project, the required height of the surge tank exceeds 60 meters and the cross-sectional diameter is huge, resulting in high investment, and the water supply needs to be interrupted during its construction. A new hydraulic control scheme is formed by the existing sleeve regulating valve and the inlet valve of integral hydroelectric generating unit for coordinated regulation. During normal power generation operation, the sleeve regulating valve is closed, and the power generation tail water is used for water supply. When the power station experiences a load rejection accident, the unit inlet valve is closed, and the sleeve regulating valve is opened synchronously to participate in the regulation. This scheme can keep the flow rate in the main pipe fluctuating within a small range of 15.19 m³/s to 17.63 m³/s, reducing the maximum pressure at the inlet valve to within 40 meters. The minimum pressure of the draft tube inlet and the maximum speed increase rate of the unit can also meet the specifications and design requirements. A hydraulic control scheme is proposed for the coordinated regulation of sleeve regulating valve and inlet valve of integral hydroelectric generating unit for EETS. The coordinated regulation scheme does not require additional equipment investment and is an economically reasonable hydraulic control scheme for EETS. By optimizing the coordinated regulation law between the inlet valve and the sleeve regulating valve, precise control over the load rejection transient process can be achieved. This approach significantly reduces the peak water hammer pressure induced by load rejection, thereby preventing pipe rupture and unit damage, while also rapidly stabilizing downstream water supply flow fluctuations to ensure water supply reliability. The research findings can provide technical support for the design and operational safety of EETS in long-distance water supply projects.

关键词

余压发电 / 管道一体式水轮发电机组 / 套筒式减压阀 / 调压井 / 甩负荷过渡过程

Key words

excess energy generation / integral hydroelectric generating unit for conveyor pipeline / sleeve regulating valve / surge tank / load rejection transition process

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3209404)

山西省水利厅科技课题项目(2025GM12)

江西省赣鄱俊才支持计划资助项目(20243BCE51081)

国家自然科学基金项目(52569019)