灌溉制度调控下农田包气带水分动态

Vadose zone water dynamics in farmland regulated by irrigation regimes

摘要

为明确不同灌溉制度对地表至地下水完整包气带土壤水分分布的影响及其响应规律，以华北平原典型农田为研究对象，开展田间观测与分析。基于2022−2024年开展的田间试验，研究旱作雨养、一水灌溉、二水灌溉和三水灌溉4种灌溉制度下0～560 cm的土壤水分分布特征及其对灌溉的响应。结果表明：100 cm以上土层的土壤水分对降水与灌溉响应敏感，根系吸水使100 cm以上土层形成低湿度带，灌溉促使作物根系向浅层富集，调控该低湿度带由80 cm上移至60 cm；同时，灌溉有助于在土壤剖面形成稳定入渗通道，增强水分入渗能力，促使100～200 cm的高含水率土层厚度显著增加；200～350 cm土壤含水率变化较小，是地表驱动因素与地下水驱动因素的分界层；350 cm以下的深层土壤水分主要受地下水调控，其影响程度与地下水位距离呈负相关。研究发现土壤剖面任一特定土层水分动态受“上部传导”与“自身初始状态”的共同调控，土层上部土壤的前期含水率决定灌溉水的入渗量与入渗速率，而土层自身前期含水率影响水分变化程度。研究所揭示的灌溉制度与包气带土壤水分动态之间的关系，对灌溉制度调整及土壤水分监测的生产实践有指导作用。

Abstract

Agricultural irrigation accounted for more than 60% of China's total water consumption. In water-scarce regions, intensive irrigation was seen as a major factor contributing to the imbalance between water supply and demand. Reducing deep percolation losses during irrigation was identified as a key strategy to enhance agricultural water efficiency. Gaining insights into how irrigation affects deep soil water distribution was considered essential for minimizing such losses. While the spatiotemporal behavior of soil water in deeper profiles (such as below 200 cm) during long-term irrigation remained somewhat unclear, most previous studies concentrated on soil moisture within the root zone of irrigated fields. The efficiency of deep percolation and groundwater recharge potential depends heavily on the vadose zone, a vital component of the farmland's water cycle. Consequently, understanding soil water distribution in the vadose zone under different irrigation practices is critical for developing accurate irrigation management tools and promoting sustainable development. In Hengshui City, a two-year field study was carried out at the Dryland Water-Saving Experimental Station. Four irrigation levels were implemented: rainfed, single irrigation, double irrigation, and triple irrigation. Soil water content at various depths within the 0 to 560 cm soil profile was monitored. Groundwater levels were also monitored, and meteorological and irrigation data were simultaneously recorded. Soil samples were collected from each experimental plot for texture analysis. To quantify the variation in soil water content, the coefficient of variation was used to characterize temporal fluctuations. Several representative irrigation events were selected, and the variations in soil water content at each layer of the soil profile before and after irrigation were examined. By comparing the variations in water content across different soil layers, the influence of initial soil moisture before irrigation on the vertical distribution pattern of soil water after irrigation was thoroughly examined. These analyses provided a basis for further understanding the response mechanisms of soil moisture. Based on these observations and analyses, the study aimed to reveal the spatiotemporal variation of vadose zone soil moisture under the combined influence of multiple factors. The findings indicated that soil water content in the layer above 100 cm was extremely sensitive to precipitation and irrigation. Irrigation promotes a shift in crop root distribution toward shallower soil layers, causing the low-moisture zone to move upward from 80 cm to 60 cm. Meanwhile, irrigation facilitated the formation of stable infiltration channels within the soil profile, enhancing water infiltration capacity, leading to a significant increase in the thickness of the high-moisture zone at 100 to 200 cm depth. At a depth of 200 to 350 cm, there were very few changes in the water content of the soil, indicating a layer of transition between surface-driven and groundwater-driven processes. In contrast, soil water in the deeper layer below 350 cm was primarily regulated by groundwater, with the degree of influence decreasing with distance from the groundwater table. Further analysis revealed that the soil water dynamics within the study layer were jointly regulated by "upper-layer conduction" and the "initial state of the layer itself". The antecedent water content in the overlying soil determined both the amount and rate of irrigation water infiltration, whereas the antecedent water content of the study layer itself influenced the magnitude of its water content changes. The relationship between irrigation regimes and soil water dynamics revealed in this study can provide valuable reference and support for the optimization of irrigation practices and research on soil water monitoring.

关键词

灌溉制度 / 包气带 / 土壤水分分布 / 根系分布 / 前期含水率

Key words

irrigation regime / vadose zone / soil water distribution / root distribution / initial soil moisture

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3206504)

国家自然科学基金项目(52025093)