北京市居民家庭用水行为的水-能-碳系统特征

Characteristics of water-energy-carbon system in household water use behavior in Beijing

摘要

为探究城市水-能-碳耦合系统中居民家庭这一关键终端单元在资源消费模式上的显著异质性，以北京市为例，开展典型家庭用水用能追踪调查，构建家庭生活水-能-碳综合核算框架，系统量化个人卫生、洗浴、冲厕、洗衣、环境清洁与饮食 6 类用水行为的人均日用水量、相关耗能量及碳排放量，并从行为习惯、器具效率、气象条件等方面对其特征进行系统解析。结果表明：北京市居民家庭人均日用水量、相关耗能量与 CO₂ 排放量分别为 140.2 L、3.2 kW·h/d 与 3.0 kg/d。行为维度上，资源消费结构呈明显年龄分异，中青年群体日人均用水量最高（144.6 L），而老年群体因热水使用比例较高，其耗能与 CO₂ 排放强度相对较高［3.4 kW·h/（人·d）、3.1 kg/（人·d）］；饮食与洗浴是用水相关碳排放的主要来源，合计占比超过 75%。器具维度上，效率差异是碳排放基线分异的关键因素，不同类型热水器的单位用水耗能强度差异可达 80～110 kW·h/m³。气象维度上，资源消费呈现明显的季节波动，夏季日人均用水量最高（149.4 L），冬季受热水需求上升影响，人均用水耗能强度较全年均值高 18%，CO₂ 排放量达 3.4 kg/（人·d）。基于资源消费差异的多维成因探讨，提出居民生活水-能-碳协同管理应兼顾效率提升、资源节约与气候适应，并据此提出相关建议，以期为城市生活领域资源节约与低碳发展提供科学参考。

Abstract

Households constitute a critical terminal unit within the urban water-energy-carbon nexus, and their resource consumption patterns exhibit significant heterogeneity, posing challenges for precise management. This heterogeneity stems from the complex interplay of daily routines, appliance efficiency, and climatic conditions, which are often studied in isolation, leaving a gap in integrated assessments. To address this, a comprehensive investigation was conducted in Beijing, a megacity facing acute resource constraints, to quantify and unravel the synergistic drivers of household water use, related energy consumption, and carbon emissions. The study specifically focused on developing a holistic understanding of how behavioral, technological, and environmental dimensions jointly shape resource footprints. An integrated household water-energy-carbon accounting framework was developed for this purpose. Annual tracking data from 19,576 valid questionnaires, collected through a stratified multi-stage random sampling survey across Beijing from March 2020 to February 2021, served as the primary data source. The framework methodically disaggregated total household consumption into six water-use categories: personal hygiene, showering, toilet flushing, laundry, environmental cleaning, and dietary activities. The associated energy consumption and corresponding carbon emissions for each category were systematically calculated using an emission coefficient method, incorporating regional-specific carbon factors. All analyses were structured around a novel tripartite lens-daily routines, appliance efficiency, and climatic conditions-to elucidate the underlying drivers of observed consumption heterogeneity. The results indicated that the average daily per capita water use, direct energy consumption for water-related activities, and consequential carbon emissions for Beijing households were 140.2 L, 3.2 kW·h, and 3.0 kg CO₂, respectively. A clear age-based differentiation in resource consumption patterns was identified. Middle-aged and young adult groups showed the highest water use volume (144.6 L/person·d). In contrast, the elderly group exhibited the highest energy and carbon intensities (3.4 kW·h/person·d and 3.1 kg CO₂/person·d), a finding primarily attributed to their higher dependence on hot water across multiple behaviors. Dietary and showering activities were consistently identified as the two predominant sources of carbon emissions across all groups, jointly accounting for over three-quarters of the total household water-related carbon footprint. Appliance efficiency emerged as a fundamental technological factor determining the baseline energy and emission intensity. For instance, the unit water-related energy intensity varied dramatically among different water heater types, with a difference of 80～110 kW·h/m³ between conventional storage electric water heaters and efficient solar thermal systems. Furthermore, resource consumption demonstrated pronounced seasonal fluctuations intrinsically linked to meteorological conditions. Summer water use peaked at 149.4 L/person·d, driven by increased showering frequency. Meanwhile, winter energy intensity related to water use increased by 18% compared to the annual average, elevating carbon emissions to 3.4 kg CO₂/person·d, largely due to increased energy demand for water heating in colder temperatures. This study concludes that the household water-energy-carbon nexus can be systematically characterized through a tripartite analytical framework linking behavioral patterns, appliance efficiency, and meteorological conditions. Behavioral preferences establish the spatiotemporal structure and intensity baseline of consumption. Appliance performance sets the thermodynamic efficiency boundaries for energy conversion during water use. Seasonal climate variations, particularly temperature, act as a critical systemic amplifier, modulating hot water demand and significantly magnifying periodic fluctuations in energy use and emissions. These findings provide a robust, systematic micro-scale perspective for deconstructing residential resource consumption heterogeneity. They offer strong empirical evidence to support the design and implementation of differentiated, targeted, and synergistic governance policies. For megacities like Beijing, implementing integrated management strategies that strategically combine appliance efficiency upgrades, tailored behavior-specific interventions, and forward-looking climate-adaptive regulatory measures is therefore crucial for achieving coordinated progress in water conservation, energy saving, and carbon emission reduction. Future research should integrate higher-resolution smart meter data and explore the potential of real-time feedback systems to further advance intelligent and adaptive household resource management pathways.

关键词

居民用水 / 水-能-碳耦合 / 碳核算 / 行为习惯 / 器具效率 / 季节差异

Key words

household water use / water-energy-carbon nexus / carbon accounting / behavioral habit / appliance efficiency / seasonal variation

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金面上项目(52479031)