基于“要素-服务-产品”框架的水生态产品分类及价值实现路径

Research advances in the value theory of water ecosystem products and their implementation pathways

摘要

针对水生态产品价值实现在概念界定、分类体系、核算方法与实现路径匹配等方面存在的层级模糊、交叉重叠、方法错配及路径脱节等问题，采用文献分析与理论推演相结合的方式，构建“要素-服务-产品”3层概念框架。依据价值形成机制，将水生态产品划分为3种类型：依赖要素层的物质本底直接形成的要素依托型产品（如原水、水电）；经由服务层的调节与支持功能转化而来的服务转化型产品（如稳定基流、清洁水质）；以及在前2类基础上叠加产业化开发形成的体验融合型产品（如亲水文旅、生态品牌）。在此基础上，建立与产品分类相衔接的核算体系，要素依托型、服务转化型和体验融合型产品分别采用直接市场法、替代市场法和模拟市场法进行价值核算。同时，提出差异化的价值实现通道：要素依托型产品以直接交易与权属流转为主；服务转化型产品以生态补偿为起点，逐步向生态信用交易演进；体验融合型产品依托产业化运营及绿色金融工具实现价值增值。本研究所建框架为不同类型水生态产品的分类核算与路径选择提供了统一的理论支撑，有助于推动该领域从概念辨析走向机制设计。

Abstract

A crucial step toward developing ecological civilization and turning natural resources into financial gains is recognizing the value of aquatic ecological products. However, current research and practice face numerous systemic challenges. First, the conceptual definition of aquatic ecological products remains ambiguous, with frequent conflation of ecological elements, services, and final products, leading to unclear accounting objects. Second, existing classification systems often rely on single attributes, resulting in overlapping categories and poor alignment with valuation methods and realization pathways. Third, valuation techniques are often incompatible with product characteristics. For instance, the same technique is used for both public-good services like water conservation and water supply, which have unambiguous property rights, leading to overestimation or market failure. Fourth, there is no systematic framework to match realization pathways with product types; instead, pathways such as government compensation, market trading, and industrial operations are developed separately. The lack of an analytical framework that incorporates the full value chain from ecological endowment to finished product is the primary cause. This study proposes a unified conceptual framework that enables classification, valuation, and pathway selection for various types of aquatic ecological products. Literature review and theoretical deduction, as the primary methods, were used to represent the value-generation logic of aquatic ecosystems; we developed a three-level conceptual framework of "elements-services-products" based on the ecosystem service cascade model and property rights theory. The framework divides the value chain into three layers: (1) the element layer, which includes the material endowment and structural foundation (e.g., water bodies, aquatic organisms, hydropower potential); (2) the service layer, which includes regulating and supporting services (e.g., water conservation, water purification, flood regulation); and (3) the product layer, which represents the final outputs that humans can directly use or consume. According to the dominant generation pathway, aquatic ecological products are classified into three types: element-dependent products (derived directly from the element layer, such as raw water and hydropower), service-transformed products (derived from the service layer, such as stable base flow and clean water quality), and experience-integrated products (developed through industrialization based on the first two types, such as water-based tourism and ecological brands). An integrated accounting system based on the "classification-indicators-methods" framework is created, defining functional and value indicators for each product type. Corresponding valuation methods are assigned: the direct market method for element-dependent products, the substitute market method for service-transformed products, and the simulated market method for experience-integrated products. Finally, differentiated value realization pathways are proposed, drawing on domestic and international practices, including watershed compensation, water rights trading, and eco-industrial development. The proposed framework clearly distinguishes three product types and outlines clear pathways for value realization. For element-dependent products (e.g., water supply, hydropower, aquatic agricultural products), the direct market method using market prices is most appropriate. Their value is best realized through direct market transactions and property rights transfers, as exemplified by water rights trading and resource consolidation platforms such as Fujian Province's "Water Ecological Bank". The substitute market method, particularly the replacement cost method, is appropriate for service-transformed products (e.g., water conservation, flood regulation, water purification), using functional indicators such as water retention volume and pollutant purification capacity. Their value realization should begin with government-led ecological compensation (e.g., the Xin'an River cross-provincial compensation) and gradually transition to market-based ecological credit trading, as demonstrated by the U.S. wetland mitigation banking system. For experience-integrated products (e.g., water-based tourism, premium real estate, branded aquatic products), the simulated market method (e.g., travel cost method, willingness-to-pay method) together with the market value method is applicable. Their value realization is based on industrial operations and green finance instruments such as "water rights loans" and eco-industry integration models like EOD (Ecology-Oriented Development). The framework provides a coherent theoretical basis for linking product attributes, valuation techniques, and realization pathways. This study introduces a novel conceptual framework "Elements-Services-Products" that clarifies the value-generation logic of aquatic ecological products and resolves confusion among ecological endowments, functions, and final outputs. Classifying products into three types enables systematic matching of valuation methods and realization pathways, thereby addressing the core problems of methodological mismatch and pathway detachment. The integrated system of classification, indicators, methods, and pathways provides useful guidance for policy formulation, market mechanism development, and regional application. Future research should focus on empirical validation across diverse watersheds, improving accounting precision through big data and remote sensing, designing institutions for property rights and ecological credit standards, and integrating ecology, economics, management, and law. This framework facilitates the transition from conceptual analysis to mechanism design to realize the value of aquatic ecological products.

关键词

水生态产品 / 价值生成逻辑 / 价值核算体系 / 要素-服务-产品

Key words

aquatic ecological product / value generation logic / value accounting system / elements-services-products

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0401404)

河北省重点研发项目(22374205D)