基于两类地面观测仪器对比的微雨雷达降水探测能力评估

Assessment of precipitation detection capacity of MRR via comparisons with two kinds of ground precipitation instruments

摘要

微雨雷达 (Micro Rain Radar，MRR) 反演结果受多种因素影响，为评估 MRR 降水探测能力和应用效果，以地面雨量计数据为基准，基于襄阳地区 2022 年 3 月—2023 年 5 月降雨过程中 MRR 和同址 DSG5 型降水现象仪测量的雨滴谱信息及其反演的特征参量，从不同高度和不同降雨类型等方面对 MRR 降水探测能力进行评估，并选取 2023 年 5 月 4 日一次典型降水过程对应的观测结果开展 MRR 应用效果分析。结果表明: (1) 当探测高度为 100 m 时，MRR 与雨量计所测的小时降雨量值最为接近。(2) 相较于对流云降水和弱降水，层状云降水时 MRR 的探测性能最优。(3) 相较于 DSG5，对流云降水时 MRR 中等雨滴和大雨滴对降雨率的贡献均偏小，而小雨滴数浓度及其对降雨率的贡献偏大。(4) 在襄阳市一次典型降水过程中，MRR 可清晰观测到零度层亮带的垂直结构，层状云降水和弱降水零度层亮带高度基本稳定在 3.8 km 左右；对于层状云降水，粒子在零度层经历复杂的相态变化后最终融化成雨滴，在降至地面过程中主要经历小雨滴的碰并和蒸发，中等雨滴对地面降雨率的贡献最大。

Abstract

Retrieval results of Micro Rain Radar (MRR) are affected by various factors. To evaluate the precipitation detection capability and application performance of MRR, we take rain gauge observations as the benchmark. Based on raindrop size distribution data and retrieved characteristic parameters measured by MRR and collocated DSG5 present weather sensor during rainfall events from March 2022 to May 2023 in Xiangyang area, the precipitation detection capability of MRR is assessed from the perspectives of different detection heights and rainfall types. Moreover, observations from a typical precipitation case on 4 May 2023 are selected to analyze the practical application effect of MRR. The results are as follows. (1) Hourly rainfall values detected by MRR at the height of 100 m agree best with those measured by the rain gauge. (2) MRR achieves optimal detection performance for stratiform precipitation compared with convective precipitation and light rain. (3) For convective precipitation, the contributions of medium and large raindrops to rain rate derived from MRR are smaller, while the number concentration of small raindrops and their contribution to rain rate are larger relative to DSG5. (4) In the typical precipitation case over Xiangyang, MRR can clearly capture the vertical structure of the melting-layer bright band. The height of the bright band remains stable at approximately 3.8 km for both stratiform precipitation and light rain. For stratiform precipitation, hydrometeors undergo complex phase transitions at the melting layer and finally melt into raindrops. During their fall to the surface, small raindrops mainly experience collision-coalescence and evaporation processes, and medium raindrops contribute the most to surface rain rate.

关键词

微雨雷达 / 雨滴谱 / 对比评估 / 降雨微物理结构特征

Key words

micro rain radar / raindrop size distributions / comparative evaluation / microphysical structure characteristics of precipitation

参考文献

[1] 杜波,马舒庆,梁明珠,等. 2017.雨滴谱降水现象仪对比观测试验技术应用分析[J].气象科技,45(6):995-1001.

[2] Du B, Ma S Q, Liang M Z, et al. 2017. Observational contrast experiment and application of rain drop spectrum precipitation phenomenon instrument [J].Meteorological Science and Technology,45(6):995-1001 (in Chinese). doi:10.19517/j.1671−6345.20160724

[3] 付志康,万蓉,肖艳姣,等. 2022.业务 DSG5 型降水现象仪与 parsivel 降水滴谱仪测量参数对比分析[J].暴雨灾害,41(4):434-444.

[4] Fu Z K, Wan R, Xiao Y J, et al. 2022. Comparison of precipitation measurement by DSG5 and Parsivel present weather instrument [J].Torrential Rain and Disasters,41(4):434-444 (in Chinese). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004−9045.2022.04.008

[5] 何思远,刘晓阳,孙大利,等. 2015.速度谱低端法在 MRR 反演雨滴谱中的应用研究[J].北京大学学报 (自然科学版),51(3):427-436.

[6] He S Y, Liu X Y, Sun D L, et al. 2015. The implementation about the method of low-bound velocity spectrum reduce errors in MRR retrieval [J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,51(3):427-436 (in Chinese). doi:10.13209/j.0479−8023.2014.174

[7] 胡子浩,濮江平,张欢,等. 2014.Parsivel 激光雨滴谱仪观测较强降水的可行性分析和建议[J].气象科学,34(1):25-31.

[8] Hu Z H, Pu J P, Zhang H, et al. 2014. Feasibility analyses and recommendations of Parsivel optical distrometer in measurements of strong precipitation [J].Torrential Rain and Disasters,34(1):25-31. (in Chinese). doi:10.3969/2012jms.0184

[9] 黄浩明,陈金星,姚秋芳,等. 2024.梅州短时强降水时空分布特征及地形影响[J].广东气象,46(1):44-48.

[10] Huang H M, Chen J X, Yao Q F, et al. 2024. On the characteristics of spatiotemporal distribution of short-term, intense rains in Meizhou and the terrain effect [J].Guangdong Meteorology,46(1):44-48 (in Chinese). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007−6190.2024.01.010

[11] 刘晓璐,郭善云,郑飒飒,等. 2023.安宁河谷雨季层状云和对流云降水的雨滴谱特征[J].高原山地气象研究,43(3):32-39.

[12] Liu X L, Guo S Y, Zheng S S. 2023. Raindrop size distribution characteristics of stratiform and convective precipitation during rainy season in Anning River Valley [J].Plateau and MountainMeteorology Research,43(3):32-39 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674−2184.2023.03.004

[13] 姜嘉俊,王晓慧,刘圣楠. 2021.微雨雷达在宁波典型降水过程中的表现特征[J].气象研究与应用,42(1):20-26.

[14] Jiang J J, Wang X H, Liu S N. 2021. Performance characteristics of micro rain radar in typical precipitation process in Ningbo [J].Journal of Meteorological Research and Application,42(1):20-26. doi:10.19849/j.cnki.CN45−1356/P.2021.1.04

[15] 饶晨,肖辉,姚振东,等. 2020.基于微雨雷达观测北京地区夏冬季降水个例特征分析[J].成都信息工程大学学报,35(4):392-399.

[16] Rao C, Xiao H, Yao Z D, et al. 2020. Characteristic analysis of precipitation in summer and winter in Northern China based on micro rain radar Observation [J].Journal of ChengDu University of Information Technology,35(4):392-399 (in Chinese). doi:10.16836/j.cnki.jcuit.2020.04.005

[17] 宋灿,周毓荃,吴志会. 2019.雨滴谱垂直演变特征的微雨雷达观测研究[J].应用气象学报,30(4):479-490.

[18] Song C, Zhou Y Q, Wu Z H. 2019. Vertical profiles of raindrop size distribution observed by micro rain radar [J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,30(4):479-490 (in Chinese). doi:10.11898/1001−7313.20190408

[19] 王馨凝. 2015.襄阳地区降水多年变化特征及趋势分析[J].现代农业科技,10(3):228-230.

[20] Wang X N. 2015. Precipitation change characteristic and trend analysis over mutiple years in Xiangyang [J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,10(3):228-230 (in Chinese). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007−5739.2015.10.138

[21] 温龙,刘溯,赵坤,等. 2015.两次降水过程的微雨雷达探测精度分析[J].气象,41(5):577-587.

[22] Wen L, Liu S, Zhao K, et al. 2015. Precision evaluation of micro rain radar observation in two precipitation events [J].Meteorological Monthly,41(5):577-587 (in Chinese). doi:10.7519/j.issn.10000526.2015.05.006

[23] 文镓齐,王改利,周任然,等. 2023.藏东南墨脱地区季风期降水的垂直结构特征.[J].应用气象学报,34(5):562-573.

[24] Wen J Q, Wang G L, Zhou R R, et al. 2023. Vertical structure characteristics of precipitation in Mêdog area of southeastern Tibet during the Monsoon period [J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,34(5):562-573 (in Chinese). doi:10.11898/1001−7313.20230505

[25] 吴宜,刘西川,孙宇,等. 2021.雨滴谱式降水现象仪与人工观测结果的一致性分析[J].气象科技,49(1):32-39.

[26] Wu Y, Liu X C, Sun Y, et al. 2021. Consistency analysis of raindrop-spectrum precipitation phenomenon sensor and manual observation results [J].Meteorological Science and Technology,49(1):32-39 (in Chinese). doi:10.19517/j.1671−6345.20200064

[27] 杨俊梅,孙鸿娉,田晓婷,等. 2024.山西中部一次积层混合云降水微物理特征[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,18(3):24-31.

[28] Yang J M, Sun H P, Tian X T, et al. 2024. Microphysical characteristics of mixed convective stratiform cloud precipitation in central Shanxi [J].Desert and Oasis Meteorology,18(3):24-31 (in Chinese). doi:10.12057/j.issn.1002−0799.2024.03.004

[29] 周伶俐,付志康,徐桂荣,等. 2023. 2020 年梅雨期长江中下游地区雨滴谱垂直结构特征[J].暴雨灾害,42(4):455-466.

[30] Zhou L L, Fu Z K, Xu G R, et al. 2023. Vertical structures of raindrop size distributions over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River during the Meiyu period in 2020 [J].Torrential Rain and Disasters,42(4):455-466 (in Chinese). doi:10.12406/byzh.2022244

[31] Adirosi E, Baldini L, Roberto N, et al. 2015. Improvement of vertical profiles of raindrop size distribution from micro rain radar using 2D video disdrometer measurements [J].Atmospheric Research,169(B):404-415. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.002

[32] Angulo-Martinez M, Beguería S, Latorre B, et al. 2018. Comparison of precipitation measurements by OTT Parsivel2 and Thies LPM optical disdrometers [J].Hydrology & Earth System Sciences,22(5):1-37. doi:10.5194/hess−22−2811−2018

[33] Atlas D, Srivastava R C, Sekhon R S. 1973. Doppler radar characteristics of precipitation at vertical incidence [J].Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics,11(1):135. doi:10.1029/011i001p00001

[34] Battaglia A, Rustemeier E, Tokay A, et al. 2010. Parsivel snow observations: a critical assessment [J].Journal of Atmospheric& Oceanic Technology,27(2):333-344. doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1332.1

[35] Blocken B, Poesen J, Carmeliet J. 2006. Impact of wind on the spatial distribution of rain over micro-scale topography-numerical modelling and experimental verification [J].Hydrological Processes,20(2):1-27. doi:10.1002/hyp.5865

[36] Bringi V N, Chandrasekar V, Hubbert J, et al. 2003. Raindrop size distribution in different climatic regimes from disdrometer and dual-polarized radar analysis [J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,60(2):354-365. doi:10.1175/1520−0469(2003)0602.0.CO;2

[37] Chen B, Yang J, Pu J. 2013. Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the meiyu season observed in eastern China [J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,91(2):215-227. doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013−208

[38] Janapati J, Seela B K, Lin P L, et al. 2020. Raindrop size distribution characteristics of indian and pacific ocean tropical cyclones observed at India and Taiwan sites [J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,98(2):299-317. doi:10.2151/jmsj.2020−015

[39] Ji L, Chen H, Li L, et al. 2019. Raindrop size distributions and rain characteristics observed by a parsivel disdrometer in beijing, northern China [J].Remote Sensing,11(1479):1-21. doi:10.3390/rs11121479

[40] Kidd C, Graham E, Smyth T, et al. 2021. Assessing the impact of light/shallow precipitation retrievals from satellite-based observations using surface radar and micro rain radar observations [J].Remote Sensing,13(9):1-13. doi:10.3390/rs13091708

[41] Kirankumar N V P, Kunhikrishnan P K. 2013. Evaluation of performance of micro rain radar over the tropical coastal station Thumba (8.5°n, 76.9°e) [J].Atmospheric Research,134(2013):56-63. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.07.018

[42] Kruger A, Krajewski W F. 2002. Two-dimensional video disdrometer: a description [J].Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology,19(5):602-617. doi:10.1175/1520−0426(2002)0192.0.CO;2

[43] Luo L, Guo J, Chen H, et al. 2021. Microphysical characteristics of rainfall observed by a 2DVD disdrometer during different seasons in Beijing, China [J].Remote Sensing,13(2303):1-23. doi:10.3390/rs13122303

[44] Tokay A, Petersen W A, Gatlin P, et al. 2013. Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by collocated disdrometers [J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,30(8):1672-1690. doi:10.1175/JTECH−D−12−00163.1

[45] Tridon F, Baelen J V, Pointin Y. 2011. Aliasing in micro rain radar data due to strong vertical winds [J].Geophysical Research Letters,38(2):79-89. doi:10.1029/2010GL046018

[46] Urgilés G, Célleri R, Trachte K, et al. 2021. Clustering of rainfall types using micro rain radar and laser disdrometer observations in the Tropical Andes [J].Remote Sensing,13(5):1-22. doi:10.3390/rs13050991

[47] Wang H, Lei H, Yang J. 2017. Microphysical processes of a stratiform precipitation event over Eastern China: analysis using micro rain radar data [J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,34(12):1472-1482. doi:10.1007/s00376−017−7005−6

[48] Wen L, Zhao K, Zhang G, et al. 2016. Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distributions observed in East China during the Asian summer monsoon season using 2D video disdrometer and Micro Rain Radar data [J].Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres,121(5):2265-2282. doi:10.1002/2015JD024160

[49] Zeng Y, Li J, Yang L, et al. 2023. Microphysical characteristics of raindrop size distribution and implications for dual-polarization radar quantitative precipitation estimations in the Tianshan mountains, China [J].Remote Sensing,15(10):1-19. doi:10.3390/rs15102668

[50] Zhou L, Dong X, Fu Z, et al. 2020. Vertical distributions of raindrops and Z-R relationships using microrain radar and 2-D-video distrometer measurements during the integrative monsoon frontal rainfall experiment (IMFRE) [J].Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres,125(3):1-18. doi:10.1029/2019JD031108

基金资助

中国长江电力股份有限公司横向项目(2423020002)