连续 2 次 Derecho 事件中江西宜春极端大风天气特征及成因分析

Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Extreme Winds in Yichun, Jiangxi Associated with Two Successive Derecho Events

摘要

2025 年 4 月 21 日，湖南北部-江西北部-浙江一线出现 2 次间隔约 4 h 的大范围雷暴大风 (Derecho) 事件，江西宜春出现 4 站风速突破历史记录的极端大风 (12 级) 天气，灾损严重。为提高对 Derecho 事件及极端大风形成机制的认识，利用高空和地面气象观测、双偏振雷达、ERA5 再分析资料，对 2 次 Derecho 事件中江西宜春的极端大风天气特征和成因进行对比分析。结果表明：(1) 江西宜春的极端大风天气是由 2 次 Derecho 事件造成。低层暖平流和中层干区、0—8 km 垂直风切变达 30.7 m·s^-1、夹卷层平均风速 19.2 m·s^-1 是 Derecho 事件出现的有利环境条件。(2) 21 日 15:30—15:50 (北京时，下同)，宜春第 1 次 12 级大风由超级单体与小单体合并加强后，多个连续下击暴流和 1 h 降温达 10 ℃ 的冷池密度流共同作用造成。(3) 21 日 19:00—19:30，宜春第 2 次 12 级大风由下击暴流和风暴尺度动量下传造成，动量下传表现为一支时间连续的 27 m·s^-1 大风速核从 4—7 km 高度迅速向下传播接地。本研究结果对江西春季极端大风临近预报具有一定指示意义：某一站点风暴系统下击暴流、动量下传、强冷池等特征同时出现或持续影响时，需关注局地大风快速增强；多单体风暴在强夹卷层风速环境条件下，经显著动量下传也能出现极端大风。

Abstract

On April 21, 2025, two widespread thunderstorm wind (Derecho) events with an interval of approximately 4 hours occurred sequentially along a corridor extending from northern Hunan through northern Jiangxi to Zhejiang. Both derechos intensified notably over Yichun, Jiangxi, where record-breaking Grade 12 gales were observed at four stations, resulting in severe damage. To improve understanding of the formation mechanisms of Derecho events and extreme gales, this study compares the characteristics, causes and intensification mechanisms of extreme winds in Yichun using upper-air and surface observations, dual-polarization radar data and ERA5 reanalysis data. The results are as follows. (1) The extreme winds in Yichun were produced by two Derecho events. Favorable environmental conditions for Derecho events occurrence include low-level warm advection, mid-level dry layers, deep 0–8 km vertical wind shear of 30.7 m·s^-1, and a mean entrainment-layer wind speed of 19.2 m·s^-1. (2) From 15:30 to 15:50 BT, the first Grade 12 gale in Yichun was jointly induced by multiple successive downbursts and density currents associated with cold pools. The cold pools produced a 1-hour temperature decrease of 10 °C following the merger and intensification of supercells and small convective cells. (3) The second Grade 12 gale in Yichun during 19:00–19:30 BT was generated by combined effects of downbursts and storm-scale momentum downward transport. Such momentum transport was characterized by a temporally continuous high-wind core of 27 m·s^-1 that rapidly descended from an altitude of 4–7 km to the ground. The findings provide some indicative implications for the nowcasting of extreme winds over Jiangxi in spring. When downbursts, momentum transport and strong cold pools occur simultaneously or persistently affect a station, rapid intensification of local winds should be alerted. Extreme winds can also develop in multi-cell storms via prominent downward momentum transport under environments with large entrainment-layer wind speeds.

关键词

Derecho 事件 / 雷暴大风 / 动量下传 / 雷暴合并 / 下击暴流

Key words

Derecho events / Thunderstorm gale / momentum downward transport / thunderstorm merging / Downburst

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基金资助

江西省气象局创新团队项目(JXCX202304)

江西省气象局重点项目(JX2021Z01, JX2021Z09)

江西省气象局人才培养面上专项(JX2024RCM03)