东北地区不同类型极端短时强降水的时空分布及环境参数特征

Spatio-temporal distributions and environmental characteristics of extreme short-time heavy rainfall associated with different patterns over Northeast China

摘要

为了解东北地区 50 mm·h^-1 以上的极端短时强降水 (extreme short-time heavy rainfall， EHR) 的天气特征，基于 2017—2024 年气象观测站和 ERA5 再分析资料，将东北地区 EHR 分为冷涡型、西太平洋副热带高压 (以下简称副高) 型、西风槽型、台风型和弱天气尺度强迫型 5 类，对比分析不同类型 EHR 的时空分布和环境参数特征，结果表明：不同类型 EHR 出现次数由多到少依次为冷涡型、副高型、西风槽型、台风型和弱天气尺度强迫型。冷涡型 EHR 的雨强比其他类型 EHR 更强，持续时间更长，范围也更大。东北地区各省份均为冷涡型 EHR 占比最高，副高型与台风型 EHR 占比东高西低、南高北低，而弱天气尺度强迫型 EHR 则相反。副高型和台风型 EHR 8 月发生频次最高，并具有夜间峰值的日变化特征；其他天气型 EHR7 月发生频次最高，且常发生在午后。冷涡型、西风槽型和弱天气尺度强迫型 EHR 发生在水汽含量相对较低的环境，但静力不稳定更强、中层干空气更明显。台风型、副高型 EHR 发生在更暖湿、近地面相对湿度更高、强低空急流和强垂直风切变的环境中。相比于 20~50 mm·h^-1 的短时强降水，各天气型 EHR 均发生在对流有效位能更高和近地面相对湿度更高的环境中。东北地区不同天气系统影响下 EHR 的时空分布和环境参数特征分析可为深入认识东北地区 EHR 的物理机制提供参考。

Abstract

To understand the weather characteristics of extreme short-duration heavy rainfall (EHR, defined as hourly rainfall ≥50 mm) in Northeast China, this study utilizes meteorological observation station observations and ERA5 reanalysis data from 2017 to 2024. EHR events are classified into cold vortex, Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) periphery, westerly trough, typhoon, and weak-synoptic forcing type five categories to comparatively analyze their spatiotemporal distributions and environmental characteristics under different synoptic patterns. The results are as follows. The frequency of EHR occurrences in Northeast China decreases in the following order: cold vortex, WPSH periphery, westerly trough, typhoon, and weak-synoptic forcing type. Compared to other EHR types, the cold vortex-type EHR exhibits stronger rainfall intensity, longer duration, and broader spatial coverage. In all provinces of Northeast China, the cold vortex-type EHR accounts for the highest proportion. The proportions of the WPSH and typhoon types exhibit clear spatial gradients, with higher frequencies in the east and south than in the west and north, whereas the weak synoptic forcing type shows the opposite pattern. The WPSH and typhoon types occur most frequently in August, and at night. while other types occur most frequently in July and in the afternoon. The cold vortex, westerly trough, and weak synoptic forcing types occur in conditions with relatively lower moisture, but are characterized by stronger static instability and more pronounced mid-level dry air. In contrast, the typhoon and WPSH types occur in warmer, moister environments with higher near-surface relative humidity, stronger low-level jets, and vertical wind shear. Compared to short-duration heavy rainfall (20~50 mm·h^-1), all EHR types occur in environments with higher convective available potential energy (CAPE) and higher near-surface relative humidity. These results provide a preliminary characterization of the spatiotemporal distributions and environmental parameters of EHR in Northeast China under the influence of different synoptic systems, providing reference for understanding EHR physical mechanism in the region.

关键词

极端短时强降水 / 时空分布 / 环境参数 / 天气系统

Key words

Extreme short-time heavy rainfall / observation characteristics / environmental conditions / weather system

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基金资助

辽宁省气象局指导计划项目(ZD202447)

全国暴雨研究开放基金项目(BYKJ2024M03)

中国气象局创新发展专项(CXFZ2022J059)

中国气象局青年创新团队项目(CMA2024QN05)

中国气象局东北冷涡实验室开放基金项目(2024SYIAEKFZD02)

辽宁省科技计划联合计划项目(2024-MSLH-232，2025-MSLH-378)

中国气象科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(2023Z019)

辽宁省气象局核心攻关项目(HXGGZ202402)