基于数值模拟对三峡库区地表能量收支特征的分析

Analysis of surface energy budget characteristics in Three Gorges Reservoir area based on numerical simulation

摘要

研究三峡库区地表能量收支的细节特征可以为定量评估水库气候效应提供科学依据。基于再分析资料 CRA-40 驱动 WRF (Weather Research and Forcasting Model) 区域气候模式，对 2013—2022 年三峡库区夏季气候进行高精度模拟，利用站点观测数据和 ERA5 再分析数据验证模式的可靠性，在此基础上分析地表能量收支与辐射平衡的时空变化特征。结果表明：WRF 模式能较好地再现三峡库区气温和辐射的时空分布，模拟结果显示云层是调控地表能量分配的关键因子，全天空条件下的地表向下短波辐射和净短波辐射较晴空条件平均分别减少 70~130 W·m⁻² 和 50~100 W·m⁻²。地表能量收支由潜热通量主导，其与净辐射的时间变化高度同步，且均表现出显著的季节内变化和昼夜变化特征，峰值分别出现在 7 月末至 8 月初和白天午后。库区水体具有显著的储热效应，晴空午间的储热通量可超过 650 W·m⁻²，主导了净辐射的能量分配去向。研究结果可为深入理解三峡工程的气候与环境效应提供有价值的数据参考。

Abstract

Investigating the detailed characteristics of the surface energy budget in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area can provide a scientific basis for quantifying its climatic effects. In this study, high-resolution simulations of the summer climate (2013–2022) in the Three Gorges Reservoir area were conducted using the WRF model driven by China's first-generation global atmospheric reanalysis product (CRA-40). Then the model's reliability was rigorously evaluated using station observations and ERA5 reanalysis data. Based on this, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of surface radiation budget and energy balance were systematically analyzed. Results demonstrate that the WRF model can accurately reproduce the spatiotemporal distributions of air temperature and radiation components. The model results confirm that cloud cover is a crucial factor regulating surface energy distribution, reducing the all-sky surface downward shortwave radiation and net radiation by an average of 70~130 W·m⁻² and 50~100 W·m⁻², respectively, compared to clear-sky conditions. Latent heat flux dominates the surface energy partitioning, exhibiting high synchrony with net radiation variations. Both components display pronounced intra-seasonal and diurnal variations, with peak values occurring from late July to early August and during the afternoon hours, respectively. The water body in the reservoir induces a significant heat storage effect, with the heat storage flux under clear-sky midday conditions exceeding 650 W·m⁻², thereby altering the allocation of net radiation energy. This study provides an important data reference for further understanding the climate and environmental effects of the Three Gorges Project.

关键词

三峡库区 / 地表能量收支 / WRF 模式 / 辐射平衡

Key words

Three Gorges Reservoir area / surface energy budget / WRF model / radiation balance

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基金资助

湖北省自然科学基金项目(2023AFD103)

武汉市气象科技联合基金项目(2024020901030459)