河西走廊西部两类极端暴雨过程的水汽输送特征个例对比分析

Comparative analysis of water vapor transport characteristics for two types of extreme rainstorm processes in the western Hexi Corridor

摘要

充沛的水汽供应是暴雨发生和维持的必要条件，河西走廊西部 (以下简称为河西西部) 地处我国西北内陆深处，但近年来极端天气事件频发，为揭示该地区极端暴雨过程中的水汽输送特征，利用气象观测站降水、ERA5 再分析和 GDAS (Global Data Assimilation System) 资料，首先筛选出 2010—2024 年河西西部 4 次极端暴雨过程，对比分析环流形势、水汽输送和收支特征，然后基于 HYSPLIT 模式模拟计算水汽轨迹及不同源地的水汽贡献。最后，建立了河西西部两类极端暴雨过程水汽来源及路径的三维结构模型，明确了各层水汽的源地及贡献率。结果表明：(1) 根据环流形势，4 次过程可分为两类，一是低涡型暴雨，500 hPa 高度场为东高西低，青藏高原北部的低涡为其主要影响系统；二是西北太平洋副热带高压 (以下简称为副高) 边缘型暴雨，500 hPa 高度场为南高北低，副高压为其主要影响系统。(2) 两类暴雨均有西、南两支水汽输送带，西路输送带的水汽来源相同，而南路不同。低涡型暴雨，大气低层的西路水汽输送强度强，中层以南路水汽输送为主；副高边缘型暴雨，低层南路水汽输送强度强，中层以西路水汽输送为主。(3) 两类暴雨中，低层水汽净输入量占整层净输入量的比重均超过 60%。低涡型暴雨，水汽输入主要为低层西、北两边界和中层东边界；副高边缘型暴雨，水汽输入主要是低层东边界和高层西边界。(4) 低涡型暴雨 500 hPa 水汽源地主要是新疆北部、西南东部以及地中海 (黑海)，700 hPa 水汽源地主要是中亚 (里海) 和西南东部；副高边缘型暴雨 500 hPa 水汽源地主要是地中海，700 hPa 水汽源地主要是南亚、华南西部。该研究结果可以为进一步理解河西西部极端暴雨的形成机理和为该地区未来暴雨预报提供一定参考。

Abstract

Abundant water vapor supply is a necessary condition for the occurrence and maintenance of rainstorms. The western Hexi Corridor is located in the deep arid area in the northwest inland of China, but extreme weather events have occurred frequently in recent years. In order to reveal the characteristics of water vapor transport in the extreme rainstorm in this region, this paper first selected 4 extreme rainstorm processes in the western Hexi Corridor from 2010 to 2024 by using the precipitation data of meteorological observation stations, ERA5 reanalysis data and GDAS (Global Data Assimilation System) data, and then compared and analyzed the circulation situation, water vapor transport and budget characteristics. Then, based on HYSPLIT mode to simulate and calculate the water vapor trajectory of rainstorms and the contribution of water vapor from different sources. Finally, the three-dimensional structure models of water vapor sources and paths of two kinds of extreme rainstorms in the western Hexi Corridor were established, and the sources and contribution rates of water vapor in each layer were determined.The results are as follows. (1) According to the circulation situation, there are two types for the 4 extreme rainstorms. The first is the low vortex type rainstorm, the 500 hPa height field high in the east and low in the west, and the low vortex in the north of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is the main influence system. The second is the subtropical high marginal type rainstorm, the 500 hPa height field high in the south and low in the north, and the Western Pacific subtropical high is the main influence system. (2) The two types of rainstorms have west and south water vapor transport belts. The water vapor source of the west transport belt is the same, but the south transport belt is different. In the low vortex type rainstorm, the west of the lower layer has strong water vapor transport intensity, and the middle layer is dominated by the south. In the subtropical high marginal type rainstorm, the south of the lower layer has strong water vapor transport intensity, and the middle layer is dominated by the west. (3) In the two types of rainstorms, the proportion of the net input of water vapor in the lower layer to the net input of the whole layer is more than 60%. In the low vortex type rainstorm, the water vapor input is mainly the west and north boundaries of the low layer and the east boundary of the middle layer. In the subtropical high marginal type rainstorm, the water vapor input is mainly the east boundary of the low layer and the west boundary of the high layer. (4) The water vapor sources of low vortex type rainstorm at 500 hPa are mainly the northern Xinjiang, the east of Southwest and the Mediterranean sea (Black Sea), while water vapor sources of at 700 hPa are mainly in Central Asia (Caspian Sea) and the east of Southwest. The water vapor sources of the subtropical high marginal type rainstorm at 500 hPa are mainly from the Mediterranean sea, while water vapor sources at 700 hPa are mainly from South Asia and western South China.The results will help to understand the formation mechanism of extreme rainstorm in the western Hexi Corridor, and provide some reference for the rainstorm forecast in this area in the future.

关键词

水汽输送 / 水汽源地 / 河西走廊 / 极端暴雨 / HYSPLIT

Key words

water vapor transport / water vapor source / Hexi corridor / extreme rainstorm / HYSPLIT

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基金资助

甘肃省自然科学基金项目(25JRRA323)

甘肃省自然科学联合基金项目(25JRRA1107)

中国气象局复盘总结专项(FPZJ2025-139)

黄河流域气象联合开放基金项目(HHJJ2026M12)

甘肃省气象局创新团队项目(GSQXCXTD-2024-01)

甘肃省气象局气象科研项目(Ms2023-10)