广西铁路轨温时空演变特征及其受气象要素的影响研究

Spatiotemporal evolutions of rail temperature on Guangxi railways and the influence of meteorological elements

摘要

钢轨温度 (以下简称轨温) 是反映轨道热致变形的核心物理量，其受气温、太阳短波辐射等气象要素影响显著，极端轨温导致的轨道异常形变严重影响火车的安全运行。利用 2022 年 3 月—2025 年 2 月南宁铁路局 313 个轨温站的观测数据，结合国家级气象观测站观测资料及 ERA5 再分析短波辐射数据，分析了轨温的时空分布特征，并探讨了气温、太阳短波辐射等气象要素对极端轨温的可能影响。结果表明：广西轨温呈西北低、东南高的空间格局，最高轨温分布在 49.8~71.1 ℃，最低轨温主要集中在−7.6~6.9 ℃，东北部地区表现出极端最高轨温和最低轨温并存的特征。时间上，轨温呈单峰型月际变化，峰值出现在 7 月，而谷值则出现在 1 月或 12 月，日最高轨温峰值主要出现在午后 14:00—16:00 (北京时)。轨温与气温在各季节均高度相关，但夏季受太阳强辐射影响差异最大，而冬季两者数值分布最一致。不同天气条件下，晴天太阳短波辐射导致轨温峰值显著高于气温，而在雨天两者峰值最为接近。此外，太阳短波辐射增强会显著抬升轨温，当辐射强度超过 750 W·m⁻² 时，轨温对气温波动的敏感性降低。研究结果可为极端气温条件下的铁路运行安全及轨温预报提供理论支撑。

Abstract

Rail temperature is a key physical variable governing thermally induced deformation of railway tracks, and it is strongly affected by meteorological elements including air temperature and solar radiation. Abnormal track deformation caused by extreme rail temperatures poses a serious threat to railway operational safety. Based on the observation data collected from 313 rail temperature stations of Nanning Railway Bureau from March 2022 to February 2025, as well as observational datasets from national meteorological stations and shortwave radiation products derived from ERA5 reanalysis, this study analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of rail temperature and explores the influences of air temperature, solar shortwave radiation and other factors on extreme rail temperature.The results are as follows. The rail temperature in Guangxi exhibits a distinct spatial pattern, with lower values in the northwest and higher values in the southeast. The maximum rail temperature ranges from 49.8 ℃ to 71.1 ℃, while the minimum rail temperature ranges from −7.6 ℃ and 6.9 ℃. Northeastern Guangxi experiences both extreme maximum and minimum rail temperatures. Temporally, rail temperature displays a unimodal annual cycle, peaking in July and reaching the minimum in January or December. The daily maximum rail temperature typically occurs during 14:00-16:00 BT. Rail temperature is highly correlated with air temperature across all seasons. Intense solar radiation leads to the most obvious difference between rail temperature and air temperature in summer, and the two temperature are generally consistent in winter. Solar shortwave radiation on sunny days makes the peak rail temperature much higher than the peak air temperature, and the two peaks are the closest on rainy days. When radiation intensity exceeds 750 W·m⁻², increase of solar shortwave radiation can substantially elevate rail temperature, and the sensitivity of rail temperature to air temperature decreases. These findings provide a scientific basis for rail temperature forecasting and for ensuring railway operational safety under extreme meteorological conditions.

关键词

钢轨温度 / 时空分布 / 气温 / 短波辐射

Key words

rail temperature / spatiotemporal distribution / air temperature / shortwave radiation

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基金资助

广西重点研发计划项目(桂科 AB25069132)

广西重点研发计划项目(桂科 AB23026152)