对苯二胺类抗氧化剂的检测方法、环境分布及毒性作用研究进展

Advances in detection methods, environmental distribution and toxic effects of p-phenylenediamine antioxidants

摘要

对苯二胺（PPDs）是一类广泛应用于橡胶工业的合成胺基抗氧化剂，其在环境中的行为及潜在风险备受关注。PPDs在环境介质中经历复杂的降解和转化过程，生成具有一定毒性的醌类衍生物（PPD-Qs），并通过多种途径迁移转化至各类生态系统，对生物体健康造成负面影响。然而，目前关于PPDs及其衍生物在环境中的赋存水平、转化机制和毒性作用等方面的研究尚不充分。因此，本文综述了PPDs和PPD-Qs的检测方法、赋存水平、转化机制及毒性作用等方面的研究进展，旨在为环境中PPDs和PPD-Qs的污染风险评估及科学防控提供参考。结果表明，超声萃取和固相萃取柱萃取是提取PPDs和PPD-Qs的常用方法，液相色谱—质谱联用技术（LC-MS/MS）是检测这些化合物的有效手段。PPDs和PPD-Qs主要通过轮胎磨损、工业排放、消费品使用和污水处理等途径进入环境。在大气颗粒物、水体、土壤、底泥及灰尘中均检测到PPDs和PPD-Qs的存在，且其在不同环境介质中转化产物复杂多样，表现出复杂的迁移和转化行为。此外，PPDs和PPD-Qs对水生动物、哺乳动物及人体健康均具有潜在的毒性作用，尤其是N-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N′-苯基-1,4-苯二胺醌对水生生物具有极高的毒性。因此，未来应进一步优化对PPDs及其转化产物的提取及定量检测标准化方法，密切关注其环境行为与生态毒理效应，从而进行生态风险控制。

Abstract

N,N′-Substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) are synthetic antioxidants used in rubber, with their environmental presence and risks being a concern. They transform into toxic quinone derivatives (PPD-Qs) in the environment, affecting ecosystems and posing health risks. Current research on their environmental levels, transformation, and toxicity is limited. This review covers detection methods, environmental presence, transformation mechanisms, and toxicity of PPDs and PPD-Qs to inform risk assessment and control. Common extraction methods include ultrasonic and solid-phase extraction, with LC-MS/MS being an effective detection technique. PPDs and PPD-Qs enter the environment through tire wear, industrial emissions, and sewage treatment. They are found in various environmental media, showing complex behaviours. They also have potential toxic effects on aquatic life, mammals, and humans, with N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine quinone being highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Future work should optimize extraction and detection methods and study their environmental impacts for ecological risk management.

关键词

对苯二胺 / 赋存水平 / 毒性作用 / 转化机制

Key words

N,N′-Substituted p-phenylenediamines / Deposition levels / Toxic effects / Transformation mechanisms

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