环境侵权惩罚性赔偿金计算与磋商机制探讨

Discussion on calculation of damages and negotiation mechanism in environmental infringement punitive compensation

摘要

为贯彻和深化惩罚性赔偿制度在环境侵权领域中的司法适用，针对《民法典》侵权责任编之“环境污染和生态破坏责任”以及最高法《关于审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释》，结合相关案例，在厘清请求权主体范围、明确请求权主体顺位次序的基础上，开展环境侵权惩罚性赔偿金计算依据、数额确定与计算、缴纳与分配、与罚款罚金关系等的探讨，指出：惩罚性赔偿的运用需慎重，其计算模式和金额确定需与生态环境功能损失（包括修复期间服务功能丧失导致的损失和永久性损害造成的损失）相匹配，与生态环境修复费用无关；惩罚性赔偿金与罚款罚金在环境侵权案件中可并处适用，其收缴工作以其需要救济的损害类型来判断分配；在严重环境侵权案件中，宜采用“分段磋商、分段签约、分段实施”的环境损害磋商创新机制。

Abstract

In order to implement and deepen the judicial application of punitive damages in environmental torts, we made discussions on calculation basis, a reasonable amount of compensation, payment and distribution, and the relations with fines and penalties. They were conducted aiming at the environment pollution and ecology destroying in Chapter 7 ofthe Civil Code of the People's Republic of China and at the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of Punitive Damages in the Trial of Ecological and Environmental Infringement Dispute Cases, and were studied on the basis of clarifying both the range and payment sequence of the claimant body for compensation and on the basis of the related cases on punitive damages. It was concluded that application of punitive compensation should be cautious. Its calculation mode and amount determination need match with the losses of environmental functions, including the service function loss during the restoration of ecological environment and the permanent loss of ecological environment functions, without relations with the restoration costs for ecological environment restoration; punitive damages and fines can be applied in parallel in environmental infringement cases, and their collection can refer to the practice of fines and be allocated according to the type of damage they need to remedy. In cases of serious environmental violations, an innovative mechanism of "segmented consultation, segmented contracting and segmented implementation" is appropriate for the environmental damage consultation.

关键词

惩罚性赔偿 / 环境侵权 / 司法适用 / 请求权主体 / 磋商

Key words

Punitive damages / Environmental tort / Judicial application / Rights holder / Consultation

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基金资助

山西省黄河实验室科技攻关项目(YRL-202110)

中央引导地方科研项目(YDZJSX20231A002)

山西大学环境损害司法鉴定技术研究院开放基金