多源遥感与输水约束下灌区缺水识别及成因诊断

Identification and Causal Diagnosis of Water Shortage in Irrigation Districts Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing and Water-Conveyance Constraints

摘要

针对干旱半干旱区灌区缺水成因难以区分、多源信息协同分析不足的问题，构建了融合多源遥感响应、渠系输水潜力评价和水源成本距离分析的灌区缺水识别与成因诊断方法。以甘肃省白银市某大型高扬程引黄灌区为例，利用 Sentinel-2、Landsat 8、DEM（digital elevation model）、土地利用/覆盖、降水及渠系矢量等数据，反演归一化植被指数、地表温度和作物水分胁迫指数，计算渠系输水潜力评价参数与水源成本距离，并通过 GIS 空间叠加及逻辑判别识别工程性、结构性和管理性缺水。结果表明，研究区水分胁迫格局与渠系供水条件及水源可达性呈明显空间耦合关系；工程性缺水地块占待灌农田面积的 4.81%，主要分布于低输水潜力渠段下游和支渠中下游；结构性缺水地块占 6.20%，集中在灌区边缘及高水源成本距离区；管理性缺水地块占 6.75%，以零散斑块形式分布于渠系邻近地块和局部农田。该方法实现了由缺水识别向成因诊断的拓展，可为灌区工程改造、末端供水优化与田间灌溉管理提供空间决策依据。

Abstract

To address the difficulty in distinguishing the causes of water shortages and to remedy the insufficient integration of multi-source information in irrigation districts of arid and semi-arid regions, this study developed a method for identifying water shortages and diagnosing their causes by integrating multi-source remote-sensing responses, canal water-conveyance potential assessment, and water-source cost-distance analysis. A large-scale, high-lift Yellow River diversion irrigation district in Baiyin, Gansu Province, China, was selected as the study area. Sentinel-2, Landsat 8, digital elevation model (DEM), land-use/land-cover, precipitation, and canal-network vector data were used to derive the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST), and crop water stress index (CWSI), and to calculate a canal water-conveyance potential score and water-source cost distance. Engineering, structural, and management water shortages were then identified through GIS-based spatial overlay analysis and rule-based logical classification. The results showed that the spatial pattern of water stress was closely coupled with canal water-supply conditions and water-source accessibility. Farmland parcels affected by engineering water shortages accounted for 4.81% of the irrigation-requiring farmland and were mainly located in downstream canal sections with low water-conveyance potential and in the middle and lower reaches of branch canals. Parcels affected by structural water shortages accounted for 6.20% and were concentrated along the margins of the irrigation district and in areas with high water-source cost distances. Parcels affected by management water shortages accounted for 6.75% and occurred as scattered patches adjacent to the canal network and in localized farmland areas. The proposed method extends water-shortage assessment from identification to causal diagnosis and can provide spatial decision support for irrigation infrastructure upgrading, tail-end water-supply optimization, and field irrigation management.

关键词

灌溉缺水诊断 / 干旱半干旱区 / 多源遥感 / 作物水分胁迫指数 / 输水潜力 / 空间叠加分析

Key words

irrigation water-shortage diagnosis / arid and semi-arid regions / multi-source remote sensing / crop water stress index / water-conveyance potential / spatial overlay analysis

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基金资助

国电南京自动化股份有限公司项目(SD25试灌智)