干旱与施氮对苹果叶片解剖结构及水力特性的影响

Effects of drought stress and nitrogen application on anatomical structure and hydraulic traits of apple leaves

摘要

目前关于水分、氮素及其互作如何影响苹果Malus domestica Borkh.叶片水力性状的机制尚不明确。本研究以3年生‘丹霞’苹果苗为试验材料,设置控水和施肥的双因素处理试验,解析干旱与施氮及其交互作用对叶片解剖结构和水力特性的影响。结果表明:在正常供水条件下,中氮和高氮处理的导管直径、导管壁厚度、导管脆弱性指数均显著高于低氮,但叶脉导管的抗塌陷指数显著低于低氮；在干旱条件下,中氮和高氮处理的导管直径、导管壁厚度、叶脉比导水率、脆弱性指数均显著低于低氮,但导管抗塌陷指数显著高于低氮。以上结果表明,施氮对苹果叶片水力结构与抗旱性的影响因水分条件而异。正常供水条件下施氮有利于叶片提升水分输导效率和形态保水能力；而干旱下施氮则更有利于提高水力安全性,但不利于叶片形态上的保水。因此,在苹果养分管理中,干旱条件下应控制施氮量,以避免叶片抗旱能力下降。

Abstract

The mechanisms by which water,nitrogen,and their interaction affect leaf hydraulic traits of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) remain unclear. In this study,Three-year-old 'Danxia' apple seedlings were subjected to a two-factor experiment with water and fertilizer manipulation to analyze the effects of drought,nitrogen application,and their interaction on leaf anatomical and hydraulic characteristics. The results showed that under well-watered conditions,the vessel diameter,vessel wall thickness,and vessel vulnerability index in leaf veins were significantly higher under medium and high nitrogen treatments than under low nitrogen treatment,whereas the vessel anti-collapse index was significantly lower under medium and high nitrogen than under low nitrogen. Under drought conditions,the vessel diameter,vessel wall thickness,vein-specific hydraulic conductivity,and vulnerability index were significantly lower under medium and high nitrogen than under low nitrogen,while the vessel anti-collapse index was significantly higher under medium and high nitrogen than under low nitrogen. These results indicate that the effects of nitrogen application on leaf hydraulic architecture and drought resistance of apple depend on water availability. Under well-watered conditions,nitrogen supply enhances leaf water transport efficiency and morphological water retention capacity. In contrast,under drought conditions,nitrogen application favors hydraulic safety but reduces morphological water retention capacity. Therefore,in apple nutrient management,nitrogen application should be controlled under drought stress to avoid reducing leaf drought resistance.

关键词

水分胁迫 / 氮添加 / 苹果 / 抗旱性 / 木质部解剖 / 水力特性

Key words

water stress / nitrogen addition / Malus domestica / drought resistance / xylem anatomy / hydraulic trait

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基金资助

山西省基础研究计划项目(202403021221079)

山西省基础研究计划项目(202403021221081)