化学防治对杏鬃球蚧虫口密度及野杏生长发育的影响

Effects of insecticide application on population density of Sphaerolecanium prunastri and growth and development of wild apricot

摘要

2018 年在新疆巩留县野果林发现杏鬃球蚧 Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe) 危害野杏 Prunus armeniaca (Lamarck)，当地政府连续 7 年(2019—2025 年)开展以化学防治为主的应急防治。为明确化学防治对杏鬃球蚧种群密度以及寄主野杏生长发育的影响，本研究于 2023—2025 年在未受害区(无杏鬃球蚧感染)、受害区(防治区与非防治区)监测若虫密度、野杏受害等级、野杏生长量、开花率和果实产量。结果表明:2025 年防治区越冬后 2 龄若虫密度比 2024 年降低了 34.30%；2025 年防治区受害等级从 2.4 降至 2.0，非防治区在 3 级以上；2025 年开花率由高到低依次为:未受害区(63.86%)、防治区(35.50%)、非防治区(17.22%)，且受害等级与开花率呈显著负相关( R²=−0.89)，与一年生枝长呈正相关；防治区野杏平均果实产量较 2023 年提高 5.49 倍；非防治区野杏树死亡占比是防治区的 1.6 倍。持续开展化学防治可有效抑制杏鬃球蚧虫口密度，减轻野杏受害程度，同时促进其开花与结果。未来野杏林管理应从应急防控转向以生态调控为核心的可持续综合治理，以实现野杏种群的长期稳定与生态恢复。

Abstract

In 2018, Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe) was first recorded infesting wild apricot ( Prunus armeniaca Lamarck) in the Tianshan Mountains in Gongliu of Xinjiang, China. From 2019 to 2025, the local government has continuously implemented emergency measures with pesticides as the main approach for seven consecutive years. To assess the effects of chemical control on the population density of S. prunastri and the growth and development of wild apricot, we systematically monitored nymph density, tree damage severity, tree growth, flowering rate, and fruit yield in three sites (undamaged area without infestation, insecticide-treated and untreated control sites in the infestation area) from 2023 to 2025. The results showed that the density of overwintered second-instar nymphs in insecticide-treated sites in 2025 was 34.30% lower than that in 2024. The damage severity in treated sites decreased from 2.4 to 2.0 in 2025, whereas it remained above grade 3 in untreated sites. In 2025, the flowering rate of wild apricot followed the order: undamaged sites (63.86%) > insecticide-treated sites (35.50%) > untreated sites (17.22%). Damage severity of apricot was significantly negatively correlated with flowering rate ( R ² = –0.89) and positively correlated with the length of one-year-old branches. The average fruit yield of wild apricot in treated sites in 2025 was 5.49 times higher than that in 2023. Additionally, the tree mortality in untreated sites was 1.6 times that in treated sites. This study demonstrates that continuous pesticide use can serve as an effective emergency strategy to suppress the population density of S. prunastri, mitigate the damage to wild apricot, and enhance its flowering and fruiting. It is suggested that future management of wild apricot forests should shift from the emergency prevention and control stage to sustainable integrated management centered on ecological regulation, to achieve long-term population stability and ecological restoration.

关键词

杏鬃球蚧 / 野杏 / 开花率 / 果实产量 / 化学防治

Key words

Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe) / Prunus armeniaca (Lamarck) / flowering rate / fruit yield / chemical control

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基金资助

中央财政林草科技推广示范项目(新〔2024〕TG02)

新疆维吾尔自治区天山英才计划(2023TSYCCX0029)