细胞的训练免疫在免疫疾病中的作用及进展

袁润达 ,  卢芳 ,  刘树民 ,  于栋华

海南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (9) : 702 -709.

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海南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (9) : 702 -709. DOI: 10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250102.004
综述

细胞的训练免疫在免疫疾病中的作用及进展

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The role and progress of trained immunity of cells in immune diseases

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摘要

研究发现,固有免疫细胞在受到病原微生物及其产物刺激后,再次遭遇感染时,会对二次刺激做出增强或减弱的应答,这种现象被定义为训练免疫。这一概念的提出突破了以往只有适应性免疫具有免疫记忆的传统观念。与适应性免疫记忆相比,训练免疫在参与细胞种类、反应特异性、持续时间等方面存在差异。本文从训练免疫的特征、训练免疫产生的机制、训练免疫对免疫性疾病中的作用进行了梳理,旨在为今后探寻免疫类疾病治疗的新方法以及助力相关药物研发提供重要理论依据。

Abstract

Researches have found that innate immune cells exhibit enhanced or attenuated responses upon re-encountering with infection, following stimulation by pathogenic microorganisms and their products. This phenomenon is defined as trained immunity. The introduction of this concept challenges the traditional belief that only adaptive immunity possesses immune memory. Trained immunity differs from adaptive immune memory in terms of participating cell types, response specificity, and duration. This article provides a comprehensive review of the characteristics of trained immunity, the mechanisms underlying its generation, and its role in immune-related diseases, for the purpose of offering important theoretical support to future exploration of new treatment methods for immune-related diseases and aiding in the development of related drugs within an academic context.

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关键词

训练免疫 / 固有免疫 / 表观遗传重编程 / 免疫性疾病

Key words

Trained immunity / Intrinsic immunity / Epigenetic reprogramming / Immune diseases

引用本文

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袁润达,卢芳,刘树民,于栋华. 细胞的训练免疫在免疫疾病中的作用及进展[J]. 海南医科大学学报, 2025, 31(9): 702-709 DOI:10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250102.004

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经典免疫理论中免疫系统被分为固有免疫和适应性免疫。固有免疫系统中效应细胞介导的免疫反应是迅速、非特异性和非记忆性的,而适应性免疫的建立是慢速、抗原特异性且具有免疫记忆的1。然而,2011年Netea等2提出的“训练免疫”概念改变了这一看法。研究表明,固有免疫细胞在受到病原微生物及其产物刺激后,再次遭遇感染时,同样会对二次刺激表现出免疫记忆性。这一现象被称为训练免疫(也称“固有免疫记忆”)3-5
训练免疫的发现可以有效地解释一些免疫现象。例如,在感染高发地区,卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)、麻疹疫苗、天花疫苗和口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗等活疫苗可以对目标疾病以外的感染提供非特异性的保护6。动物实验显示,给予小鼠训练剂(如β-葡聚糖)或疫苗(如BCG),固有免疫细胞会出现增殖和扩增4。其他缺乏适应性免疫的模式植物(拟南芥),昆虫(黑腹果蝇)中也发现了类似适应性免疫的现象7-9。这些研究均证明了即使不依赖于适应性免疫,机体仍然能够从以往的刺激中获得记忆并对随后的感染进行保护,训练免疫的概念也正是基于这些现象被提出。本文主要总结训练免疫的表现、机制以及在疾病中的重要作用。

1 训练免疫的效应细胞与特征

普遍认为,训练免疫是免疫细胞,代谢和表观遗传三者之间相互作用的结果。固有免疫细胞代谢的改变影响了后续的表观遗传,后者又能进一步影响代谢通路和细胞因子的产生。

相较于适应性免疫,训练免疫通常由髓系细胞、自然杀伤(natural killer cell,NK细胞)细胞、固有淋巴细胞参与10。另外一些非免疫细胞,例如上皮淋巴细胞,造血干细胞,血小板等也共同参与了训练免疫这一过程1

1.1 造血干细胞

造血干细胞是维持训练免疫的根本原因之一。例如,BCG可以触发造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs)的扩增,并增强骨髓生成。这将有助于受训单核细胞的长期效应。值得注意的是,BCG影响骨髓微环境,改变了HSCs和多能祖细胞的转录,并显示出骨髓谱系免疫细胞的偏向性。但淋巴系免疫细胞也因此生成减少11-15

1.2 NK细胞

NK细胞以抗原非依赖性方式对病原体和肿瘤产生快速反应。到目前为止已记录了三种出现训练免疫现象的NK细胞分化途径,抗原特异性肝驻留NK细胞途径、巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)驱动的NK细胞途径和细胞因子诱导的NK细胞途径1617。以CMV驱动途径为例,其特征是炎症记忆特征叠加在一组染色质区域上,并且可稳定地维持此特定的遗传学状态17

1.3 巨噬细胞

巨噬细胞改变基因转录以激活特定信号通路并参与训练免疫。如暴露于肿瘤坏死因子后,粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子或肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)分泌增加并提升细胞对病原体的敏感性18。原因可能是通过细胞壁β-葡聚糖连接含半免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序的受体Dectin-1诱导吞噬作用和产生TNF,并增加诱导型一氧化氮合酶和其他促炎因子的转录,从而增加了巨噬细胞的敏感性19

1.4 其他细胞

训练免疫不仅存在于固有免疫细胞,也存在于其他细胞中。实验证明,上皮干细胞存在对急性炎症的长期记忆,且能够在随后的组织损伤后加速屏障的恢复2021。基质类细胞同样存在训练免疫现象,例如间充质干细胞反复暴露于脂多糖会表现比单一刺激更强的NF-κB通路激活22,其分化后代肠基质细胞则会保留与肠道病原微生物相遇的“记忆”并介导对相同或不同病原体的训练免疫2324。这些结果提示免疫训练可能是细胞所共有的潜在特性,见表1

2 训练免疫的产生机制

2.1 训练免疫细胞的表观遗传重编程

表观遗传重编程的定义是在不改变DNA序列的情况下,通过改变基因组DNA上的化学修饰方式来影响基因表达的模式。在训练免疫过程中,表观遗传重编程表现为多种形式。例如拓扑相关结构域水平上染色质组织的变化,长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNAs)的转录,DNA甲基化,乙酰化与组蛋白的修饰24,见表225

2.1.1 DNA甲基化,乙酰化与组蛋白修饰

DNA甲基化,乙酰化和组蛋白修饰都参与了基因表达模式的调控。例如,组蛋白3赖氨酸4三甲基化(histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation,H3K4me3)是促炎细胞因子基因活性启动子标记5。组蛋白3赖氨酸27乙酰化(histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation,H3K27ac)和组蛋白3赖氨酸4-甲基化(histone 3 lysine 4 monomethylation,H3K4me1)的富集是远端增强子区域的表观遗传标记,一般与H3K4me3共存2627。H3K4me1标记作为增强子,受包括Set7赖氨酸甲基转移酶(SETD7编码)在内的酶影响。刺激过程中,H3K4me3启动子标记会在免疫基因启动子上累积,H3K4me1与H3K27Ac表观遗传标记同时受到调控。在刺激停止后,组蛋白修饰仅被部分去除,H3K4me3和H3K4me1持续富集,并在二次刺激后可以更快,更强地转录和表达基因2528。缺乏SETDE7的小鼠由于无法在增强子引入持久的H3K4me1调节细胞,不能成功产生β-葡聚糖诱导的训练免疫13。实验表明,健康志愿者接种BCG疫苗后,H3K4me3与H3K4me1标记水平升高,同时IFN-γ的产生增加4~7倍,而且还使单核细胞细胞因子(例如TNF)的释放增加2倍2930

2.1.2 LncRNA调控与eRNA调控

LncRNAs和增强子RNA(enhancer RNA,eRNA)共同构成了指导基因活性的关键调节子31。拓扑(topological correlation domain,TAD)结构使免疫基因启动LncRNAs在引导TAD内组蛋白调节酶复合物的同时避免其访问邻近基因15。然而目前仅在β-葡聚糖诱导的训练免疫表型中验证了免疫基因启动LncRNAs的作用24。eRNA在训练免疫中的充当增强子,例如H3K4me1和H3K27Ac,然而这些增强子是否是训练免疫所必须的,目前仍是未知数31

2.2 训练免疫细胞的代谢重编程

2.2.1 影响训练免疫的关键代谢物

α-酮戊二酸(α-Ketoglutaric acid,α-KG)、2-羟基戊二酸(α-Hydroxyglutaric acid,2-HG)、琥珀酸、富马酸、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine,SAM)、乳酸、衣康酸均是诱导训练免疫的关键代谢物。α-KG可介导表观遗传重编程促进巨噬细胞的抗炎激活11。同时,2-HG、琥珀酸盐和富马酸盐均是α-KG的衍生物。其中富马酸甲酯可增强促炎症基因IL-6和TNF-α启动子的甲基化5。大多数情况下,SAM通过调节其浓度对组蛋白和DNA甲基化产生潜在影响29。研究证明,SAM和半胱氨酸通过调节人类肝脏中组蛋白甲基化的数量从而改变基因转录31。乳酸堆积导致组蛋白乳酸化进而调控炎症基因表达。研究证明,LPS刺激小鼠巨噬细胞增加乳酸的积累后,乳酸与组蛋白上的赖氨酸残基结合,参与维持细胞平衡状态的基因的表达32。衣康酸通过抑制IL-1β的产生和激活红细胞相关因子与NF-KBzeta的负调节因子抑制炎症表达3334,同时通过抑制琥珀酸脱氢酶来调节训练免疫35

2.2.2 影响训练免疫的关键代谢途径

固有免疫细胞的训练免疫过程中,存在对糖酵解途径,三羧酸循环,以及脂质合成等代谢途径的重排2730。激活的免疫细胞中糖酵解途径表达上调,例如LPS激活的M1巨噬细胞和树突状细胞,效应T细胞和自然杀伤细胞。提升糖酵解途径不仅能在炎症条件下快速产生能量,还利于为其他生物合成途径提供底物。三羧酸循环过程中存在循环的中断,主要目的是允许过量的柠檬酸进入其他代谢途径合成琥珀酸促进炎症35。同时,促炎刺激产生衣康酸,抑制琥珀酸脱氢酶的酶功能,进一步导致琥珀酸的积聚36。这引起三羧酸循环的第二次中断37。训练免疫中,髓系细胞激活胆固醇合成途径,但其目的并非合成胆固醇本身,而是生成甲羟戊酸38。有实验指出,人类单核细胞在暴露于甲羟戊酸24 h后形成训练免疫表型,并观测到H3K4me3的富集。

3 训练免疫在免疫疾病中的作用

伴随着人类对免疫疾病的认识加深,免疫疾病被整合为免疫连续体,而非单一的固有免疫疾病或适应性免疫疾病。疾病的类型越靠近连续体的一端,受对应免疫系统的影响就越强烈,例如自身炎症性疾病主要受训练免疫的影响,而自身免疫病则是受适应性免疫的调控较多,但两者并非绝对的泾渭分明,见表33940。如上文所述,诱导训练免疫或许可以治疗某些固有免疫反应功能缺陷性疾病,但异常活化的训练免疫也可能会导致过度的炎症反应,对机体造成损害。某些炎症情况下,错误活化的训练免疫会加剧组织损伤。训练免疫在自身免疫性疾病和自身炎症性疾病中的潜在作用见图1

3.1 家族性地中海热

家族性地中海热(familial mediterranean fever,FMF)是单基因突变的系统性自体炎症性疾病,其特点为全身性炎症反应的反复发作4041固有免疫系统在FMF的发生发展中扮演着重要角色。

研究发现,FMF患者的外周血单核细胞和单核细胞,在脂多糖(LPS)刺激下,相较于健康细胞,会分泌更多的IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、IL-12、IL-18和TNF-α等细胞因子42。同时相较于对照组,15个miRNA被发现与自身炎症性疾病相关并参与免疫反应43

表观遗传重编程在FMF中发挥一定的作用。发病期间,患者体内H3K4me3、H3K9me2和H3K14ac水平更高,表现出更高水平的甲基化44。训练免疫中发生的代谢改变影响FMF关键致病因素-炎性小体分泌。正常细胞中,pyrin蛋白与NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome(NLRP 3)炎症小体相互作用并进行正常的自噬,从而起到抗炎因子的作用。然而,突变的pyrin蛋白丧失了通过自噬负调节NLRP3炎症小体的能力,导致炎症小体活性增强,IL-1β产生增多,加剧了这种非正常的训练免疫现象4546。对土耳其和伊朗患者的临床检测结果也支持了这一观点47

3.2 痛风性关节炎

痛风的病理基础是当血清尿酸盐浓度超过阈值时,尿酸盐形成针状晶体48。这些晶体通过Toll样受体与可溶性尿酸盐共同激活NLRP3炎症小体触发痛风49-51。该通路主要涉及NF-κB途径与PI3K-Akt-mTOR通路52

在细胞层面,巨噬细胞表现出炎性因子分泌增加(如IL-1β、IL-18、TGE-β),异常的吞噬作用(包括下垂、凋亡和坏死性下垂),广泛的迁徙性(受尿酸盐诱导)以及代谢重编程(从氧化磷酸化转为糖酵解,三羧酸循环中断)495354。而IL-1β、TNF-α等细胞因子的正反馈循环或奠定了巨噬细胞在痛风环境中的训练免疫基础。其他细胞,如非循环单核细胞,遇尿酸钠(MSU)晶体破裂并释放尿酸盐并激活其他单核细胞,与巨噬细胞共同造成在痛风期间的训练免疫52

不同于FMF发病,痛风性关节炎中MSU通过下调在自噬诱导中起关键作用的蛋白质来破坏正常自噬,增加相关细胞因子的分泌并引起炎症反应增加46。总的来说,痛风环境中多种不利因素共同循环作用对正常关节进行不间断的训练免疫攻击45

3.3 强直性脊柱炎

强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种混合型免疫疾病,固有免疫与适应性免疫应答共同在疾病中发挥重要作用。

AS患者免疫细胞表现出表观遗传重编程。关键细胞Th17细胞中H3K27me3组蛋白标记增加,导致关键转录因子下调并引发细胞代谢重新编程与失能55。AS-间充质干细胞被TNF-α反向诱导发病过程中依赖于METTL14的m6A修饰介导5556。研究指出LGR6 DNA异常甲基化可能是影响AS发病的原因57。同时外周血单核细胞中,组蛋白去乙酰化酶和组蛋白乙酰转移酶的减少可能与训练免疫有关5859

训练免疫中发生的代谢改变同样也出现在 AS患者体内。例如miRNA29,miRNA21上调以及其他系列miRNA的含量变化,氨基酸生物合成、糖酵解、谷氨酰胺分解、脂肪酸生物合成和胆碱代谢的上调,都证实了训练免疫在AS中的显著存在60-62。这表明AS中可能存在着多基因且复杂的表观遗传重编程。

3.4 系统性红斑狼疮

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一种以适应性免疫为主导的自身免疫性疾病,同时也涉及固有免疫因素63

SLE发病中,固有免疫细胞受训练免疫影响分泌过量细胞因子。例如,巨噬细胞增加分泌促炎细胞因子,如IFNα、TNFα和IL-6,CD16+;单核细胞CD16+高表达CD80、CD86、HLA-DR、CX3CR1;T细胞异常活化并分泌Ⅰ型IFN、IL-6、IL-23、IFNγ、IL-17、IL-21、IL-2和转化生长因子-β63-65

此外,SLE发病中表观遗传重编程也得到了一定程度的体现。究表明,SLE中巨噬细胞、T细胞、B细胞均出现不同程度的DNA甲基化与组蛋白修饰异常,而LncRNA也出现异常表达66。同时伴随细胞因子的分泌失调,SLE患者体内存在致病性Th与调节性Th细胞的失衡62

在代谢重编程方面,不同免疫细胞代谢变化趋势不同。单核细胞、巨噬细胞以及树突状细胞中糖酵解机制的活性上调,同时PKM2-MAPK/NF-κB-PKM2反馈回路被激活。而中性粒细胞则表现为糖酵解机制的活性下降,并伴随细胞膜表面蛋白GLUT-3和GLUT-6的表达减少,NOX2活性降低,ROS产生减少,部分中性粒细胞死亡并形成NET结构66。SLE患者的T细胞表表现出明显的代谢异常和钙信号传导上调,三羧酸循环活性增强以及对氧化磷酸化的依赖性增加65。多种细胞从不同方面显示了训练免疫在SLE中发挥着巨大的作用。

4 结语

无论是单基因自身炎症性疾病或多基因自身炎症性疾病,其中训练免疫都起着重要作用。有趣的是,除了疫苗接种外其他因素,如LPS、饮食,也会影响训免疫训练的建立67-71。固有免疫细胞的表观遗传重编程和代谢遗传重编程是影响训练免疫形成的关键因素。因此,逆转表观遗传变化或靶向免疫途径可能被认为是抵消训练免疫的高反应或低反应状态的潜在治疗方法26。这将有利于建立对免疫类疾病治疗的新的方法,并助力相关药物研发。从这个角度来看,今后应着力解决探讨训练免疫如何参与以及多大程度上参与免疫类疾病的致病71。同时应建立相关免疫训练预警机制,以减少或避免有害的免疫训练。

作者贡献度说明:

袁润达参与论文撰写;卢芳,刘树民参与指导;于栋华主要参与论文指导并修改完善。

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074149)

黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(PL2024H242)

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