奶酪摄入与自身免疫性疾病的因果关系:一项两样本孟德尔随机化研究

吴志杰 ,  傅祥炜 ,  张黎 ,  李传真

海南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (8) : 608 -616.

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海南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (8) : 608 -616. DOI: 10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250325.003
论著

奶酪摄入与自身免疫性疾病的因果关系:一项两样本孟德尔随机化研究

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The causal relationship between cheese intake and autoimmune diseases: A two‑sample mendelian randomization study

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摘要

目的 饮食习惯已被证实会对自身免疫性疾病产生影响,然而奶酪摄入是否与自身性免疫病有关仍不明确。 方法 本研究利用全基因组关联研究(GWAS)数据,数据来源于UK Biobank数据库,通过双样本孟德尔随机化(MR)分析,探讨奶酪摄入与自身免疫性疾病之间的潜在因果关系。本研究严格筛选单核苷酸多态性(SNP)作为工具变量(IV),并采用逆方差加权(IVW)、MR‑Egger、加权中值、简单模式及加权模式等方法进行MR分析。敏感性分析方法包括异质性测试、水平多效性测试、逐一剔除分析法及MR‑PRESSO分析,确保研究结论的可靠性。 结果 本研究纳入了13种自身免疫性疾病(如干燥综合征、幼年类风湿关节炎、溃疡性结肠炎、1型糖尿病、系统性硬化症、重症肌无力、类风湿关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、局限性硬皮病、多发性硬化、自身免疫性甲状腺炎、炎症性肠病及乳糜泻)。IVW分析结果显示,奶酪摄入仅对溃疡性结肠炎(P=0.017,OR=0.997,95%CI=0.994~0.999)、类风湿关节炎(P=0.001,OR=0.993,95%CI=0.990~0.997)及局限性硬皮病(P=0.009,OR=12.936,95%CI=1.904~87.894)有影响。此外,研究还显示低脂硬质奶酪可能加重类风湿关节炎(P=0.022,OR=1.001,95%CI=1.0001~1.002)。 结论 高奶酪摄入可能降低溃疡性结肠炎和类风湿关节炎的患病风险,但显著增加局限性硬皮病的患病风险。

Abstract

Objective To investigate whether cheese intake associated with autoimmune diseases since dietary habits have been confirmed to affect autoimmune diseases. Methods We obtained genome‑wide association study data from the UK Biobank. Two‑sample MR analyses were used to explore the potential causal role of cheese intake in autoimmune diseases outcome. In order to reveal the causal relationship between cheese intake and autoimmune diseases, single nucleotide polymorphisms were rigorously selected as instrumental variables. MR analysis was performed using the inverse variance weighted, MR‑Egger, weighted median, simple mode and weighted mode methods. To ensure the reliability of the conclusions, sensitivity analyses were indispensable and included heterogeneity testing, horizontal pleiotropy testing, leave‑one‑out analysis, and MR‑PRESSO analysis. Results Thirteen autoimmune diseases were included in the analysis, such as Sjogren's syndrome, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Type 1 diabetes, systemic sclerosis, Myasthenia gravis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Localized scleroderma, Multiple sclerosis, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Inflammatory bowel disease and Celiac disease. In terms of the exposure factor for cheese intake, the inverse variance weighted (IVW) showed that only three autoimmune diseases are affected by cheese intake, and the P value and odds ratio are as follows: ulcerative colitis (P=0.017, OR=0.997, 95%CI=0.994‑0.999), Rheumatoid arthritis (P=0.001, OR=0.993, 95%CI=0.990‑0.997), Localized scleroderma (P=0.009, OR=12.936, 95%CI=1.904‑87.894). Furthermore, this study shows that low‑fat hard cheeses can aggravate rheumatoid arthritis (P=0.022, OR =1.001, 95%CI=1.000 1‑1.002). Conclusion A high intake of cheese intake may be associated with a decreased risk for ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis, but with a substantial increase in risk for localized scleroderma.

Graphical abstract

关键词

自身免疫性疾病 / 奶酪 / 孟德尔随机化

Key words

Autoimmune diseases / Cheese / Mendelian Randomization

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吴志杰,傅祥炜,张黎,李传真. 奶酪摄入与自身免疫性疾病的因果关系:一项两样本孟德尔随机化研究[J]. 海南医科大学学报, 2025, 31(8): 608-616 DOI:10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250325.003

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自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune diseases,ADs)是指因机体免疫对自身抗原的耐受失调和对自身抗原的免疫反应导致机体损伤的一类疾病,包括器官特异性自身免疫性疾病和全身性自身免疫性疾病。前者主要包括自身免疫性甲状腺炎、乳糜泻、炎症性肠病和重症肌无力等,后者主要包括类风湿关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、干燥综合征、1型糖尿病和多发性硬化等1。近几十年,发达国家中乳糜泻、干燥综合征和Graves病等自身免疫性疾病的发病率和患病率明显上升23。这些疾病大多数无法治愈,患者需要终生治疗,因此已成为突出的公共卫生问题,不仅导致高发病率和死亡率,还带来了巨大的公共和私人开支2
尽管大多数自身免疫性疾病的易感性是由复杂的遗传背景导致的4,但仅靠遗传和免疫因素不足以解释其发病机制,环境暴露、情绪压力、肠道微生物群、激素和饮食等因素同样在推动自身免疫性疾病的发展过程中发挥重要作用58。西方饮食以摄入高蛋白、高糖、高脂肪和高盐的加工食品为特点,被广泛视作近几十年自身免疫性疾病发病率增加的原因之一9。相比之下,地中海饮食以橄榄油、谷物、水果和蔬菜为主,富含纤维、抗氧化剂及维生素,具有抗炎和抗氧化作用10,被认为是多种自身免疫性疾病的潜在干预手段。对于自身免疫性疾病患者,改变饮食模式可能有助于减少这些疾病的并发症1118
奶酪作为一种营养丰富、耐受性良好的发酵乳制品,在全球范围内广受欢迎,它富含优质蛋白质、脂质、矿物质、维生素、Omega‑3多不饱和脂肪酸(n‑3 PUFAs)、益生菌及生物活性分子1920,具有抗炎作用、调节免疫系统及影响肠道微生物群等功能2122。本研究旨在利用孟德尔随机化(Mendelian Randomization,MR)方法进一步阐明奶酪摄入与自身免疫性疾病之间的关系。MR是一种基于遗传学原理的统计方法,将遗传变异作为自然的随机实验,评估暴露因素对疾病结局的因果效应。与传统的临床观察性研究相比,MR能够有效控制混杂变量,避免反向因果关系和选择偏倚,从而增强因果推论的可信度。

1 材料与方法

1.1 数据来源

本研究使用的GWAS数据来源于英国生物银行(UK Biobank)(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/)。所用的数据集包括奶酪摄入(ukb‑b‑1489)、低脂硬质奶酪摄入(ukb‑e‑102810_AFR)、干燥综合征(ebi‑a‑GCST90013929)、幼年类风湿关节炎(ebi‐a‐GCST90018873)、溃疡性结肠炎(UC)(ebi‐a‐GCST90038684)、1型糖尿病(ebi‑a‑GCST90014023)、系统性硬化症(finn‑b‑M13_SYSTSLCE)、重症肌无力(ebi‑a‑GCST90018876)、类风湿关节炎(RA)(ebi‐a‐GCST90038685)、系统性红斑狼疮(ebi‐a‐GCST90018917)、局限性硬皮病(LOS)(finn‑b‑L12_LOCALSCLERODERMA)、多发性硬化(ebi‐a‐GCST003566)、自身免疫性甲状腺炎(finn‑b‑E4_THYROIDITAUTOIM)、炎症性肠病(ebi‐a‐GST90038 683)及乳糜泻(ieu‑a‑276)。

1.2 工具变量选择

在进行MR分析时,SNP需满足以下条件:P<5×10‑8<0.01,物理距离超过10 000 kb,且工具变量强度F>10。上述条件已在MR分析代码中明确规定,相关代码可通过https://mrcieu.github.io/TwoSampleMR/articles/perform_ mr.html获取。

1.3 统计学处理

统计分析使用R软件(版本4.2.3)及TwoSampleMR软件包(版本0.5.11)进行。TwoSampleMR软件包可https://mrcieu.github.io/TwoSampleMR/中获取,MR分析代码可通https://mrcieu.github.io/TwoSampleMR/articles/perform_mr.html获取。MR分析方法包括:逆方差加权(IVW)、加权中值(WM)、MR‑Egger、加权模式及简单模式。IVW分析的P值用于确定暴露因素与结局之间是否存在关联,比值比(OR)用于描述因果效应。此外,散点图显示了5种方法的斜率方向,若5种方法的斜率方向一致,则认可暴露因素与结局之间的关联。分别使用Cochran Q统计量和MR‑Egger回归截距检验评估工具变量的异质性及水平多效性。另外,采用MR‑PRESSO分析对异常单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的多效性影响进行检测与校正,并采用逐一剔除分析法评估单个SNP对整体因果效应的影响。除非另有说明,统计学显著性水平设定为α=0.05。

2 结果

2.1 奶酪摄入与自身免疫性疾病发展的关系

奶酪摄入数据集(UKB‑B‑1489)包含451 486名个体及9 851 867个SNP。在剔除具有连锁不平衡的工具变量(IVs)后,从该数据集中筛选出64个与奶酪摄入相关的SNP。IVW的结果表明(见表1),奶酪摄入与以下疾病显著相关:RA(P<0.001,OR=0.993)、LOS(P=0.009,OR=12.936)及UC(P=0.017,OR=0.997)。散点图结果显示,较高的奶酪摄入可降低UC和RA的风险,但可能增加LOS的风险(图1)。Cochran Q检验及MR‑Egger回归截距(表23)的结果显示未检测到显著的异质性和多效性。为进一步验证,进行MR‑PRESSO分析,其结果为:奶酪摄入与UC:Global Test RSS=77.906,P=0.157;奶酪摄入与RA:Global Test RSS=2.664,P=0.297;奶酪摄入与LOS:Global Test RSS=56.794,P=0.723。以上结果均未检测到显著异常SNP的多效性影响,进一步支持了MR分析结果的可靠性。此外,逐一剔除分析结果(图2~4)显示,无论剔除任一SNP,因果效应估计均基本稳定,提示单个SNP对整体结果无显著影响。

2.2 低脂硬质奶酪摄入与UC、RA和LOS发展的关系

为研究低脂硬质奶酪摄入对UC、RA和LOS的影响,本研究将低脂硬质奶酪摄入数据集(UKB‑E‑102810_AFR)纳入分析,该数据集包含1 207名个体及15 533 528个SNP。在排除具有IVs后,从该数据集中筛选出8个与低脂硬质奶酪摄入相关的SNP。通过5种MR评估因果效应,结果显示低脂硬质奶酪摄入与UC或LOS之间无显著关联。IVW方法的结果表明,低脂硬质奶酪摄入与仅RA的风险相关(P=0.022,OR=1.001),散点图直观显示了低脂硬质奶酪摄入与RA风险增加的关系(图1D)。Cochran Q检验(IVW: Q=6.509, P=0.482;MR‑Egger: Q=5.011, P=0.542)及MR‑Egger回归截距(截距=-0.001, P=0.267)的结果显示不存在显著异质性和多效性。同时,MR‑PRESSO分析显示低脂硬质奶酪摄入与RA的Global Test结果为RSS=7.914,P=0.557,未检测到显著异常的SNP。此外,逐一剔除分析结果(图5)显示,在逐一去除每个SNP后,整体因果效应的估计值未发生显著变化,表明结果的稳健性。

3 讨论

发酵食品的摄入可以对免疫系统产生显著影响,饮食中缺乏发酵食品可能导致先天免疫反应的降低23。作为一种日常食用的发酵食品,奶酪可能通过调控免疫系统、抑制促炎因子表达及防止肠道微生物群失衡等途径,对自身免疫性疾病产生影响。

UC是全球最常见的炎症性肠病24。已有研究提示奶酪与UC存在潜在关联。本研究结果显示,奶酪摄入可能降低UC的风险,这可能与其富含n‑3 PUFAs有关。前瞻性队列研究也支持这一结论,长期摄入长链n‑3 PUFAs与UC发病风险降低相关,而反式不饱和脂肪酸摄入增加了UC的风险2526。使用动物模型的研究表明,含奶酪的饮食可缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的结肠炎27,并且奶酪摄入还可降低炎性中性粒细胞水平,抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达,而iNOS与UC密切相关28。此外,奶酪摄入的抗炎作用主要体现在抑制炎症细胞因子(TNF‑α、IFN‑γ、IL‑17和IL‑6)的表达,并增加TGF‑β1的表达,这种抗炎作用在DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型中得到了证实2829。此外,DSS诱导的结肠炎会显著降低上皮屏障相关基因的表达水平[包括occludin、zonula occludens 1 (zo‑1)、zo‑2和claudin‑1],而奶酪摄入能够有效减轻这一影响,从而减少肠壁受损28。肠道微生物群失衡,尤其是微生物多样性的减少,在UC的发病机制中起重要作用30。乳酸菌是奶酪生产过程中必不可少的成分31,研究表明,含乳酸菌的发酵乳制品可通过恢复肠道微生物群的平衡,缓解UC的临床症状3233

RA是一种与多种疾病并存,具有关节外表现的系统性疾病34。早期的病例研究认为,乳制品存在致敏性,可能会加重RA35。然而,后续的一项基于人群的队列研究得出乳制品不会促进女性RA发展的结论36。另一项多中心横断面研究通过多变量分析发现,乳制品的摄入与RA发病风险的降低有关37。本研究结果表明,奶酪摄入可能轻微降低RA的风险,这与既往研究一致,同时进一步验证了其对幼年RA无明显保护作用。更重要的是,本研究还发现低脂硬质奶酪的摄入可能增加RA的风险。有研究提出,奶酪中的脂肪含量可能是影响RA病程的潜在因素。奶酪富含n‑3 PUFAs,其含量可能决定奶酪是RA的风险因素还是保护因素。奶酪中丰富的长链n‑3 PUFAs可能是缓解RA临床症状的重要因素,研究表明,长期摄入n‑3 PUFAs可降低RA的发病风险3839。另一项研究进一步证实,摄入n‑3 PUFAs可延缓关节炎的发病进程,并降低疾病的严重程度及疼痛感40。目前的研究表明“肠道‑关节轴”可能参与骨关节炎的发生41,肠道微生物群失衡通过影响肠道的屏障功能和某些微生物肽表达的增加(这些肽与已知的RA自身抗原表位相似),促进从临床前RA向临床RA的进展4243。肠道微生物群失衡表现为肠道微生物多样性的减少4447,研究表明,高发酵食品饮食有助于纠正微生物群失衡并下调炎症标志物4849。因此,奶酪摄入可能通过影响肠道微生物群来影响RA的发展。

LOS是一类病因和发病机制未知的自身免疫性皮肤疾病,大多发生在20~40岁之间,女性与男性的发病比例为2.6~6∶150。研究表明,局限性硬皮病的病理特征主要表现为纤维组织增生和淋巴细胞浸润5152。LOS的生物标志物包括半乳糖化IgG、前粒蛋白、趋化因子CCXL18、多种微RNA(如miRNA‑let‑7a、miRNA‑7、miRNA‑196a、miRNA‑155、miRNA‑483‑5p)、骨桥蛋白和髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)53。本研究表明,奶酪摄入显著增加了局限性硬皮病的风险(OR=12.936)。由于LOS的病因尚不完全明确,奶酪如何增加LOS风险的具体机制仍不清楚。有研究证实存在“肠道‑皮肤轴”,表明肠道与皮肤之间存在复杂的相互作用54,肠道微生物群主要通过与免疫系统的相互作用来影响全身和局部的炎症。已有证据表明,肠道微生物群多样性的改变影响了某些炎症性皮肤疾病的发展,如特应性皮炎5556。奶酪在调节免疫系统和影响肠道微生物群方面具有显著作用,因此我们认为肠道‑皮肤轴可能在奶酪加重局限性硬皮病的机制中起重要作用,但其具体机制仍需进一步研究。

尽管本研究利用MR方法发现奶酪摄入与部分自身免疫性疾病之间存在因果关系,但其结果仅为提示性证据,无法完全证明因果关系,仍需长期随机对照试验予以验证。另外,MR方法侧重于反映长期遗传暴露,而未能捕捉短期饮食波动对疾病风险的影响;同时,奶酪中不同成分的具体作用机制尚未明确。因此,未来研究应在大样本、多中心的前瞻性设计下,深入探讨奶酪摄入对免疫调控的影响及其潜在生物学机制,以进一步确认本研究的发现。

本研究表明,奶酪摄入可能增加LOS的风险,可能降低RA和UC的风险。因此,建议LOS患者尽量避免奶酪摄入,而RA及UC患者适量摄入奶酪或有助于缓解症状。然而,在将其作为一种日常饮食建议推广之前,仍需通过长期的随机对照试验进一步验证这些发现。

作者贡献度说明:

李传真:负责构思、方法设计以及初稿的审阅和修改;吴志杰:负责出初稿的撰写、数据分析和验证;傅祥伟:负责数据获取、软件代码和可视化处理;张黎:负责项目管理,并对文章进行整体把控和内容校对。

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。

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基金资助

海南省财政科技计划资助项目(ZDYF2023SHFZ095)

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