G蛋白偶联受体124在牙周细胞衰老中的潜在作用机制及研究进展

林雪晶 ,  董雨雷 ,  崔明望 ,  张淼淼 ,  郭竹玲

海南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (21) : 1672 -1680.

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海南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (21) : 1672 -1680. DOI: 10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250528.001
综述

G蛋白偶联受体124在牙周细胞衰老中的潜在作用机制及研究进展

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Potential mechanisms and research advances of G protein‑coupled receptor 124 in periodontal cellular senescence

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摘要

G蛋白偶联受体124属于黏附性G蛋白偶联受体家族的重要成员。牙周炎是一种慢性炎症性疾病,其病理机制源于微生物群落与宿主免疫应答系统之间的多维度动态失衡。细胞衰老以细胞周期停滞为特征,当衰老细胞持续存在并积累时,可能导致组织功能障碍。细胞衰老与慢性炎症之间存在着密切的联系,这种联系主要通过衰老相关分泌表型介导的促炎因子级联反应实现,形成了一种正向调控机制。本文深入探究G蛋白偶联受体124在牙周细胞衰老进程中的潜在作用机制,以期为调控牙周组织炎症微环境提供坚实的科学依据和创新性的思路启示。

Abstract

G protein‑coupled receptor 124 is an important member of the adhesion G protein‑coupled receptor family. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathological mechanism stems from the multi‑dimensional dynamic imbalance between the microbial community and the host immune response system. Cellular senescence is characterized by cell cycle arrest, which may lead to tissue dysfunction when senescent cells persist and accumulate. There is a close relationship between cellular senescence and chronic inflammation, which is mainly realized through a senescence‑associated secretory phenotype‑mediated cascade of pro‑inflammatory factors, forming a positive regulatory mechanism. This paper mainly reviews the potential mechanism of G protein‑coupled receptor 124 in the process of periodontal cellular senescence, in order to provide a solid scientific basis and innovative ideas for regulating the inflammatory micro‑environment of periodontal tissue.

Graphical abstract

关键词

G蛋白偶联受体124 / 细胞衰老 / 牙周炎 / 衰老相关分泌表型

Key words

G protein‑coupled receptor 124 / Cellular senescence / Periodontitis / SASP

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林雪晶,董雨雷,崔明望,张淼淼,郭竹玲. G蛋白偶联受体124在牙周细胞衰老中的潜在作用机制及研究进展[J]. 海南医科大学学报, 2025, 31(21): 1672-1680 DOI:10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250528.001

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牙周炎为由宿主免疫系统对致病菌感染引发的慢性炎症性疾病,表现为牙周支持组织的渐进性破坏,而细胞衰老在牙周炎的病理过程中扮演重要角色1。牙菌斑生物膜复合体作为牙周病损的主要诱因,宿主免疫调节异常所引发的免疫病理级联反应构成牙周组织进行性破坏的关键环节。衰老是伴随时间推移出现的多维度功能衰退过程,其本质可分为生理性衰老与病理性衰老。生理性衰老即以端粒依赖性复制衰老和蛋白质稳态失衡为特征,表现为器官功能的渐进性、非疾病关联性退化。病理性衰老即在慢性炎症、基因毒性应激或表观遗传失调驱动下,加速衰老相关分泌表型(senescence‑associated secretory phenotype,SASP)的产生,与年龄相关疾病直接关联2。生理性衰老和病理性衰老之间并没有绝对的界限,两者都会影响细胞衰老的发生3。细胞衰老即细胞因外部促衰老因素的刺激而经历的不可逆性细胞周期停滞状态,是一个复杂且重要的生物学过程。SASP涉及多种炎性介质和细胞因子的释放,包括白细胞介素、肿瘤坏死因子‑α(tumor necrosis factor‑α,TNF‑α)、前列腺素E2等,这些因子共同作用于细胞微环境,对细胞衰老进程及后续生物学效应产生深远影响4。炎性衰老表现为随年龄增长,机体持续处于低水平炎症状态,该病理状态与多系统功能退行性改变存在显著关联性5。衰老细胞积累是炎性衰老的重要驱动因素,清除衰老细胞可显著降低老年个体炎症标志物水平6。细胞衰老可抑制细菌清除及免疫防御功能,局部慢性牙周炎症的进展通常会随着细胞衰老而加速。在牙周炎进展的分子病理学机制中,衰老细胞在牙周组织微环境中的异常蓄积及SASP的异常分泌具有重要调控作用。
G蛋白偶联受体124(G protein‑coupled receptor 124,GPR124)作为黏附性G蛋白偶联受体(guanosine‑binding protein coupled receptor,GPCR)家族的关键构成部分,参与人体内的许多生理和生化反应7。研究表明,GPR124可促进牙周组织炎性病变从而加剧牙周炎8。GPR124通过调控炎症、氧化应激和干细胞稳态等机制,可能成为干预牙周细胞衰老的关键靶点。本文系统综述GPR124的生物学功能及其在牙周细胞衰老中的作用,以期为牙周炎治疗提供新思路。

1 GPR124与牙周炎的相关性

GPCR是一类存在于细胞表面膜蛋白的超家族成员,可以响应细胞外各种物理和化学刺激9。黏附性G蛋白偶联受体作为GPCR亚家族的一员在人体中参与多种生理过程10。GPR124是黏附性GPCR家族的核心成员,其分子结构呈现典型的GPCR特征:包含高度保守的细胞外N端结构域、由7次跨膜α螺旋构成的核心结构域,以及通过胞外环和胞内环连接的细胞内C端结构域。其胞外区特有的黏附分子样结构域赋予该受体独特的配体识别与细胞间通讯能力7

牙周炎是一种慢性炎症性疾病,在老年人群中的患病率和严重程度增加。牙周炎的进展是牙周组织遭受细菌持续性感染与炎性介质协同作用所致损害的过程,这一过程涉及成骨细胞分化与功能受到阻碍,导致成骨作用减弱,同时伴随着破骨细胞的过度增殖以及骨吸收活动的显著增强。细胞衰老是牙周炎的主要危险因素,牙周炎会加剧牙槽骨质流失11。牙周细胞衰老表型的异质性特征与多维度应激原的协同作用密切相关,包括线粒体功能障碍诱导的DNA损伤、促炎因子刺激的炎症衰老信号轴以及微生物感染自噬流紊乱与端粒酶活性抑制12。随着细胞进入衰老阶段,其细胞周期活动逐渐减缓乃至停滞,进而引发参与细胞周期调控的蛋白质及转录因子发生适应性变化。细菌是引发炎症的必要条件,但宿主对入侵病原体的免疫应答是牙周组织破坏的主要原因和最终原因。将细胞衰老作为干预靶点,可能为牙周炎临床治疗及其潜在机制研究的新思路1314。最新研究进展表明,GPR124活化可加剧慢性炎症微环境15。且GPR124具有调节经典Wnt信号传导的功能特性,其通过稳定β‑连环蛋白(β‑Catenin)磷酸化状态,显著影响细胞周期进程调控与抗凋亡机制1617。而牙周细胞衰老可由慢性炎症、氧化应激或机械应力触发,而GPR124可能通过以下机制影响这一过程。

2 GPR124促进牙周细胞衰老的潜在机制

2.1 促进菌群失衡诱导细胞衰老

研究表明牙龈卟啉单胞菌(P. gingivalisP.g)等革兰阴性菌的存在与年龄呈正相关,且牙周细胞对口腔微生物群和机械应力在增龄性变化中反应增加18。微生物组成与衰老相关的炎症有关,在老年小鼠中发现抗炎细菌种类减少19。目前发现细菌中脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)可直接诱导细胞衰老并增强SASP表达,持续暴露于LPS‑P.g可通过激活细胞周期阻滞分子P16、P21及P53导致牙周细胞衰老1320。研究表明在LPS刺激下,衰老牙龈成纤维细胞中白细胞介素‑1β(IL‑1β)、白细胞介素‑6(IL‑6)等SASP相关因子表达较高21。LPS‑P.g还能上调人牙髓干细胞中衰老相关β‑半乳糖苷酶活性,并同步提升细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制蛋白P16及P21的表达量2224。此外,还可促进牙周膜干细胞中的NF‑κB活化,加重高糖微环境进而加剧促炎细胞因子的表达2526。研究表明,LPS可通过NF‑κB信号通路介导小胶质细胞活化以及脑缺血性损伤27。一方面,LPS通过Toll样受体4(toll‑like receptor 4,TLR4)激活下游NF‑κB通路,促进IL‑1β、IL‑6及TNF‑α等炎性细胞因子释放促进细胞损伤2829。另一方面,NF‑κB的激活导致细胞核中P16以及P21的表达增加,两者的激活在诱导细胞衰老中起着关键作用3031

新生血管通透性增高可能促进炎症细胞浸润,同时为致病菌提供更多营养和扩散途径。GPR124是血管生成的关键调控因子,而牙周炎中血管异常可能导致牙周局部缺氧,促进P.g的增殖32。GPR124还可通过调节宿主免疫反应间接影响牙周菌群组成,一方面,GPR124表达异常可抑制中性粒细胞的抑菌功能,导致牙周袋内致病菌过度增殖;另一方面,慢性炎症可抑制有益菌的生长,破坏菌群平衡33图1A)。

2.2 激活炎症信号通路诱导细胞衰老

在牙周炎进程中,持续炎症微环境可能改变GPR124的功能。高浓度炎症因子可通过诱导DNA损伤或抑制端粒酶活性,加速细胞周期停滞34。同时,衰老细胞通过分泌IL‑1β、IL‑6及基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)等SASP进一步放大局部炎症,形成恶性循环。GPR124可能通过调控SASP相关蛋白分泌,进一步加剧局部炎症并扩大衰老细胞群体。研究证实GPR124经Wnt/β‑Catenin信号转导途径调控NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD‑like receptor pyrin domain‑containing protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体的生物活性,从而介导炎症性组织损伤35。NLRP3炎症复合物通过特异性识别病原相关分子模式及损伤相关分子模式,激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶‑1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinases‑1,Caspase‑1)的酶切功能。活化的Caspase‑1催化Gasdermin D蛋白发生位点特异性剪切,同时将IL‑1β和白细胞介素‑18(IL‑18)的前体蛋白转化为具有生物活性的成熟形式,最终触发细胞焦亡病理过程。细胞焦亡所释放促炎因子IL‑1β及IL‑18通过趋化因子信号网络介导中性粒细胞病理性浸润,导致牙周膜基质降解微环境的形成,同时为牙周致病微生物群落创造生态定植优势。此类炎症介质通过旁分泌信号转导通路显著抑制成骨前体细胞的分化潜能及矿化功能,从而构建骨代谢负向调控的分子病理学基础36

GPR124受体蛋白通过调控NF‑κB和MAPK信号通路的激活状态,对免疫调节机制产生显著影响。GPR124可介导组蛋白修饰或DNA甲基化,促进IL‑6、IL‑1β及TNF‑α等炎症因子的异常表达,不仅加剧了炎症反应,还可通过影响细胞内的信号传导进一步促进细胞衰老8。在LPS诱导的炎症微环境中,β‑Catenin可通过增加NLRP3和凋亡相关斑点样蛋白之间的结构域互作,触发NLRP3炎症小体信号级联的分子组装机制。研究表明,降低SASP相关因子表达水平可抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化,下调Gasdermin D蛋白介导的细胞焦亡通路,最终使细胞衰老标志物P16阳性细胞率下降3738图1B)。GPR124作为Wnt7a/7b的共受体,可通过激活β‑Catenin促进细胞增殖和组织修复39。然而,在慢性应激下,持续激活的Wnt信号可能导致细胞周期调控紊乱。牙周细胞的再生能力依赖于Wnt信号的适度激活,而GPR124过表达可能通过Wnt信号过度激活,加速细胞的增殖性耗竭,削弱组织再生能力并促进衰老40

2.3 氧化应激与代谢失调

活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成量超出机体抗氧化防御系统的清除能力时,会诱发氧化应激状态的异常升高。ROS的累积不仅导致线粒体功能出现障碍,还通过触发过度的炎症反应最终引发细胞死亡,加速衰老相关疾病的发展进程41。ROS水平的增加已被证实对细胞衰老的触发及持续具有至关重要的影响。一方面,ROS的累积能够引发DNA损伤的积聚,进而导致细胞周期的停滞。DNA损伤可导致端粒缩短、DNA甲基化、组蛋白去乙酰化和线粒体功能障碍,诱导与衰老过程相关的转录组变化42。研究表明,GPR124可能通过线粒体功能障碍间接增加ROS的产生4344。在牙周炎中,高ROS水平介导DNA和蛋白质的损伤,直接诱导P16和P21等细胞衰老标志物的表达。GPR124缺失或功能异常可能扰乱细胞能量代谢,如牙周细胞中GPR124过表达可能通过抑制线粒体呼吸链复合物活性或促进糖酵解,导致ROS过量产生。ROS通过氧化损伤DNA、蛋白质和脂质,直接激活β‑半乳糖苷酶、P16及P21等衰老相关标志物进而加剧牙周细胞衰老。此外,GPR124可能下调超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶的表达,降低细胞清除ROS的能力,加剧氧化损伤45。GPR124可能通过抑制端粒酶活性或加速端粒缩短,诱导端粒功能障碍。同时,GPR124介导的ROS积累可直接引发DNA双链断裂,导致细胞周期停滞蛋白高表达46图1C)。

3 细胞衰老与牙周炎的关联

3.1 细胞衰老干预牙槽骨改建

牙周膜干细胞(periodontal ligament stem cells,PDLSCs)具有自我更新及多向分化潜能等特性,并对牙周组织的再生及成骨分化能力至关重要47。衰老PDLSCs的功能障碍可降低牙周病时牙周组织修复和重建的能力48。衰老PDLSCs中的SASP可引起炎症反应以及介导成骨能力降低从而促进牙周组织的破坏49。糖尿病患者的氧化应激导致端粒功能障碍和PDLSCs衰老,影响牙周骨组织再生和重建,最终加剧牙周病患者的骨丧失4850

去乙酰化酶作为NAD+依赖性脱乙酰酶家族的重要成员,通过动态调节底物特异性去乙酰化反应参与细胞稳态维持网络。沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)是研究最广泛的去乙酰化酶,被认为是衰老相关疾病的调控靶点51。SIRT1的过表达在细胞生存机制的调控中发挥着显著作用,其主要表现为有效抑制细胞程序性死亡的进展,显著提升细胞的存活能力以及延缓细胞的衰老过程。研究显示,SIRT1通过正向调控Wnt/β‑catenin信号传导途径显著增强PDLSCs向成骨方向的分化潜能。当暴露于TNF‑α等炎性刺激条件时,毛囊源性干细胞及骨髓间充质干细胞内SIRT1的蛋白表达量呈现显著下调趋势,提示炎性微环境能够抑制PDLSCs中SIRT1的表达52。SIRT1作为线粒体自噬的潜在上游调节因子,可扩展线粒体自噬机制以抑制椎间盘退变和骨关节炎发生的衰老相关退行性变化5354。研究表明激活SIRT1/PINK1/Parkin信号通路所介导的线粒体自噬过程,能够有效减缓肾小管上皮细胞的衰老进程55。上述发现提示,靶向调控SIRT1介导的线粒体自噬通路可能成为治疗退行性疾病的潜在干预策略。

骨量通过成骨细胞和破骨细胞之间的平衡来维持。在骨组织生成过程中,成骨细胞作为关键效应细胞发挥核心调控功能,而碱性磷酸酶的生物活性强度、成骨特异性基因Runt相关转录因子2的转录调控水平和骨钙素的生物合成量是评估成骨细胞增殖分化的重要指标,对维持骨代谢稳态以及促进骨组织矿化等方面发挥着至关重要的作用。激活SIRT1表达可增强线粒体自噬,从而增加成骨细胞的增殖和活力56。此外衰老细胞积聚在牙槽骨中可促进SASP分泌,对成骨细胞具有强大的旁分泌影响,抑制成骨细胞功能,从而干扰牙周炎期间骨的修复1857。破骨细胞引起的炎症性骨丧失是牙周炎的标志病症,衰老可显著增加破骨细胞生成58。骨质凝胶蛋白可由成骨细胞分泌,主要通过阻断RANKL/RANK来减少骨质流失。成骨细胞衰老降低骨质凝胶蛋白水平,可激活破骨细胞并引起骨质丧失5960图2A)。这些数据共同确定了衰老细胞及其分泌的SASP在牙槽骨丧失中的作用,并表明靶向衰老细胞与牙槽骨改建能力有关。

3.2 细胞衰老延缓牙周细菌清除

牙龈组织在保护牙齿结构和支持牙周组织免受创伤及感染方面起着关键作用。牙龈成纤维细胞是牙龈结缔组织中最丰富的细胞,显示出有限的有丝分裂能力。牙龈成纤维细胞衰老会影响其增殖和迁移、纤维密度、有机基质的产生和牙周韧带中的细胞有丝分裂活性,以及增加细胞中MMP‑2MMP‑8的mRNA水平,促进细胞外基质降解从而破坏牙龈上皮细胞屏障6162。一旦牙龈上皮细胞屏障被破坏,细菌及其毒力因子可累及更深的结缔组织加重牙周组织破坏。作为机体防御机制的重要组成部分,中性粒细胞可通过吞噬、杀伤及降解作用,有效清除牙周致病菌及其代谢产物63。衰老相关的中性粒细胞功能障碍可能会破坏牙周组织中的中性粒细胞稳态,阻碍细菌清除并导致牙周组织损伤64。研究表明与年轻小鼠相比,衰老小鼠牙周组织中内皮发育调节基因1 mRNA及其蛋白质表达水平降低,这一变化导致了中性粒细胞在牙周组织中的异常过度募集,伴随炎性骨吸收现象6566。研究表明,在老年宿主中磷脂酰肌醇3‑激酶的活性过度增强或出现功能紊乱,会导致中性粒细胞迁移的准确性下降,进而削弱其对LPS的抑制作用。衰老心脏组织中可存在肌成纤维细胞分化的显著缺陷,衰老过程中成纤维细胞分化的缺陷可能会影响牙龈屏障愈合6768。暴露于牙周致病菌毒素可促进人牙龈上皮细胞的生长停滞,表现出上皮层的破坏和细胞连接的溶解69。持续的细菌攻击可能导致衰老相关的上皮生长停滞,进而损害上皮屏障的完整性。一旦牙龈上皮细胞屏障被破坏,细菌其毒力因子可到达更深的结缔组织加重牙周组织破坏(图2B)。

3.3 细胞衰老降低组织防御效能

巨噬细胞(macrophages,MΦs)作为针对病原微生物入侵和感染的第一道防线,在固有免疫中发挥重要的作用。MΦs表型极化可调节对龈下生物膜的免疫反应并减轻牙槽骨质流失70。在衰老过程中,M1至M2复极化失败可促进破骨细胞活化增加和成骨细胞形成减少,从而增加骨吸收并减少愈合过程中的骨形成71。而衰老的巨噬细胞(S‑MΦs)表型改变会诱发骨重建过程中的慢性炎症持续存在,S‑MΦs的炎性衰老状态可促使年轻态骨髓间充质干细胞衰老,并显著降低其成骨能力72。M1/M2巨噬细胞比例失衡和炎性细胞因子过度分泌导致糖尿病牙周炎微环境中PDLSCs的衰老。巨噬细胞向M2型极化可发挥抗衰老活性,协同促进PDLSCs中成骨相关细胞因子表达7374。树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)是一组异质细胞群,抑制DCs功能可介导适应性免疫应答降低,并增加牙周病易感性。外周血中DCs的绝对数量伴随衰老进程呈现出一种动态变化,这可能是老年人感染风险增加的原因之一,DCs功能改变对老年人免疫应答能力的减弱及慢性炎症状态的演进起到了促进作用75。研究表明非生物性口腔病原体P.g在体外感染DCs可激活SASP诱导骨丧失76。朗格汉斯细胞(Langerhans cells,LCs)作为口腔黏膜上皮组织内DCs的一个重要亚群,在牙周病的起始阶段及持续进程中发挥着至关重要的作用。研究结果显示,老年牙周炎患者的口腔黏膜上皮中LCs的数量呈现出显著减少的趋势,并且这些细胞的树突状结构也呈现出缩短的特征7778。老年人表皮中LCs数量的减少,不仅削弱皮肤在调节免疫反应方面的效能,还可破坏皮肤屏障完整性,以及对抗细菌和肿瘤细胞的防御能力显著降低7980。因此,牙周防御系统稳态可能受到免疫细胞衰老的影响。

4 讨论

牙周炎的患病率和严重程度与细胞衰老密切相关,细胞衰老的复杂变化会抑制免疫细胞对病原微生物的有效清除。细胞内和细胞外衰老环境的相互作用可导致牙周组织中参与骨代谢、组织防御和免疫反应的细胞和因子恶化,从而加剧牙周炎的进展。GPR124可通过加重菌群失衡、激活炎症信号通路以及引发代谢失调进一步促进细胞衰老,从而介导牙周炎的发生、发展。因此通过抑制GPR124表达以干预牙周细胞衰老可为预防和治疗牙周炎提供理论基础及新思路。此外,GPR124介导的细胞衰老机制在糖尿病和关节炎等慢性炎症性疾病以及骨质疏松症等骨代谢疾病中同样可能发挥重要作用,其调控的炎症信号通路和代谢失调是多系统疾病的共同病理基础,为跨学科治疗提供潜在靶点。

作者贡献度说明:

林雪晶:文章设计,论文撰写;董雨雷、崔明望、张淼淼:资料收集,查阅文献;郭竹玲:文章审校。

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82201080)

海南医科大学学术提升支撑计划(XSTS2025027)

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