肝恶性肿瘤钇‑90选择性内放射治疗后的影像评估

林秀艳 ,  于丽娟 ,  王玉君 ,  李雪艳 ,  龚伟 ,  孟凡盛 ,  潘登

海南医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (17) : 1327 -1334.

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海南医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (17) : 1327 -1334. DOI: 10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250616.003
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肝恶性肿瘤钇‑90选择性内放射治疗后的影像评估

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Imaging evaluation of liver malignancies after yttrium‑90 selective internal radiation therapy

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摘要

目的 分析肝恶性肿瘤钇‑90选择性内放射治疗(yttrium‑90 selective internal radiation therapy,90Y‑SIRT)后的影像学表现及肿瘤缓解情况,探讨肿瘤实际吸收剂量与肿瘤缓解之间的关系。 方法 收集90Y‑SIRT后进行90Y PET/CT和MRI评估的44例肝恶性肿瘤患者资料,其中肝原发肿瘤(原发)组34例,肝继发肿瘤(继发)组10例,通过χ2检验比较组间特征。采用mRECIST和RECIST1.1标准评估疗效,计算肿瘤在MRI上的缓解率;以3个月后的肿瘤应答为参考,探讨MRI‑DWI、MRI增强和肿瘤标志物在早期疗效评估上的诊断效能;通过Spearman相关性分析方法探究肿瘤实际吸收剂量与肿瘤缓解之间的关系。 结果 治疗后1个月原发组和继发组的缓解率分别为68.7%和0.0%,3个月分别为72.2%和40.0%,6个月分别为83.3%和33.3%。肿瘤实际吸收剂量与影像缓解率之间无相关性(ρ=0.061,P=0.764)。治疗后1个月MRI‑DWI、MRI增强和肿瘤标志物评价肿瘤早期应答能力的灵敏度分别为88.24%、73.33%、58.82%,特异度分别为16.67%、71.43%和57.14%。 结论 肝恶性肿瘤90Y‑SIRT治疗后具有较好的影像缓解率,原发组缓解率较继发组高;DWI和肿瘤标志物在反映肿瘤早期应答能力方面具有较高的灵敏度;肿瘤实际吸收剂量与影像缓解率在统计学上无相关性。

Abstract

Objective To analyze the imaging findings and tumor remission after yttrium‑90 selective internal radiotherapy (90Y‑SIRT) for liver malignant tumors, and to explore the relationship between actual absorbed dose of tumor and tumor remission. Methods The data of 44 patients with hepatic malignant tumors evaluated by 90Y PET/CT and MRI after 90Y‑SIRT were collected, including 34 patients with primary hepatic malignant tumors (primary group) and 10 patients with secondary malignant tumors (secondary group). The characteristics between groups were compared using χ2 test. The curative effect was evaluated by mRECIST and RECIST1.1 criteria, and the remission rate of tumor on MRI was calculated. With the tumor response after 3 months as a reference, the diagnostic efficacy of MRI‑DWI, MRI enhancement, and tumor markers in early efficacy evaluation was investigated. The relationship between actual absorbed dose of tumor and tumor remission was explored by Spearman correlation analysis. Results One month after treatment, the remission rates of primary group and secondary group were 68.7% and 0.0%, respectively. After 3 months, the remission rates of primary group and secondary group were 72.2% and 40.0%, respectively, and those of 6 months were 83.3% and 33.3%, respectively. There was no correlation between the actual absorbed dose of tumor and imaging remission rate (ρ=0.061, P=0.764). One month after the treatment, the sensitivity of MRI‑DWI, MRI enhancement,and tumor markers to evaluate tumor early response was 88.24%, 73.33%, and 58.82%, respectively, and the specificity was 16.67%, 71.43%, and 57.14%, respectively. Conclusion There is a good imaging remission rate after 90Y‑SIRT treatment for liver malignant tumors, and the remission rate in the primary group is higher than that in the secondary group. DWI and tumor markers have high sensitivity in reflecting the early response ability of the tumor, and there is no statistical correlation between the actual absorbed dose of the tumor and imaging remission rate.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肝脏肿瘤 / 钇‑90 / 选择性内放射治疗 / 磁共振成像

Key words

Liver tumor / Yttrium‑90 / Selective internal radiation therapy / Magnetic resonance imaging

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林秀艳,于丽娟,王玉君,李雪艳,龚伟,孟凡盛,潘登. 肝恶性肿瘤钇‑90选择性内放射治疗后的影像评估[J]. 海南医科大学学报, 2026, 32(17): 1327-1334 DOI:10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250616.003

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近年来钇‑90选择性内放射治疗(yttrium‑90 selective internal radiation therapy,90Y‑SIRT)[1]肝脏恶性肿瘤作为新型的治疗方法,引起了广泛关注,为晚期不可切除的肝脏恶性肿瘤患者带来新希望。
90Y‑SIRT是将放射性同位素90Y微球选择性注入肝脏肿瘤供血动脉,通过释放高能量β射线,对肝脏肿瘤进行持续精准地近距离照射使肿瘤组织坏死,从而控制肿瘤生长,达到治疗的效果[2]。90Y微球栓塞治疗在国外已经应用20余年,随着2021年9月国内首例90Y‑树脂微球治疗肝癌的顺利开展,国内多领域的探索逐步展开。目前国内关于肝脏恶性肿瘤90Y‑SIRT治疗后的影像评估数据有待进一步补充。本研究收集了经90Y‑SIRT治疗后在海南省肿瘤医院进行90Y PET/CT和磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)评估的44例肝恶性肿瘤患者资料,旨在通过分析其影像学表现及肿瘤缓解情况,协助临床医生客观评价其疗效,为今后治疗方案的选择提供参考依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

收集经90Y‑SIRT后在海南省肿瘤医院进行90Y PET/CT和MRI评估的44例肝恶性肿瘤患者资料。入组标准:(1)经病理或影像学确诊的肝恶性肿瘤患者;(2)治疗前在我院行基线MRI检查,治疗后24 h内行肝脏90Y PET/CT检查,并定期接受MRI复查。排除标准:(1)同时行免疫或靶向治疗的患者;(2)预计生存期小于3个月的患者。

本研究共纳入44例患者,将其分为肝原发肿瘤(原发)组和肝继发肿瘤(继发)组。本研究纳入的原发组包括经组织学或影像学确认的肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)及肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC),其中原发组共34例,包括30例HCC和4例ICC;继发组定义为经组织学或影像学确认的肝转移瘤(如结直肠癌肝转移瘤、肾细胞癌肝转移瘤等),共10例,包括9例结直肠癌肝转移和1例肾细胞癌肝转移。本研究通过海南省肿瘤医院伦理委员会审批[批件号1:2022年(科研)第(26)号、批件号2:EC‑2024‑016‑01]。

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 90Y PET/CT显像

所有患者在90Y‑SIRT后24 h内行肝脏PET/CT显像。显像设备为美国GE Discovery710 PET/CT仪。平静呼吸下采集断层PET和断层CT,PET采集2个床位,每个床位20 min,矩阵128×128,采集范围包括整个肝脏;CT管电压120 kV,管电流100 mA,层厚1.0 mm。

1.2.2 MRI检查

使用美国GE Signa Hdi 1.5T磁共振成像系统,采集序列包括:T1加权像(T1‑weighted imaging,T1WI)、T2加权像(T2‑weighted imaging,T2WI)、弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)(b值=600)、动态对比增强。扫描范围包括整个肝脏,平扫扫描厚度2.5 mm,增强扫描厚度1.0 mm。

1.2.3 图像处理及分析

PET/CT及MRI图像同时由2名高年资影像医师进行评估,吸收剂量经过美国GE XELERIS 3.0后处理工作站转化为DICOM模式,将其导入美国MIM SurePlan™ Liver Y90软件(7.2.4版),采用局部沉积模型已知活度的剂量测定方法评估肝肿瘤病灶的实际吸收剂量。在美国GE AW4.6后处理工作站勾画并计算出表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficien,ADC)值,意见不一致时由2名医师共同讨论达成一致。

1.2.4 评估标准

每个病例只选择1个病灶进行分析,原则上选择体积最大、放射性浓聚程度最高的病灶作为目标病灶。继发组使用实体瘤疗效评价标准1.1版(RECIST 1.1)评估:完全缓解(complete remission,CR)指目标病灶消失,部分缓解(partial remission,PR)指基线病灶长径缩小≥30%,疾病稳定(stable disease,SD)指病灶缩小未达到PR或增加未达PD,疾病进展(disease progression,PD)指病灶长径增加20%。原发组参考改良实体瘤疗效评价标准(mRECIST)进行局部区域疗效评估,规定如下:对于可测量的强化区域采用强化区域的最长径×垂直径,对于不可测量的强化区域采用肉眼评估法,CR指目标病灶动脉期增强显影消失(HCC)或延迟期增强显影消失(ICC),PR指目标病灶动脉期(HCC)或延迟期(ICC)显影缩小≥30%,SD指缩小未达PR或增加未达PD,PD指动动脉期(HCC)或延迟期(ICC)显影增加≥20%。影像缓解包括完全缓解和部分缓解。

1.3 统计学处理

使用IBM SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析,符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,以t检验比较组间差异;计数资料用频数n (%)表示,以χ2检验比较组间差异。采用检验Spearman分析连续型变量与分类变量之间的相关性。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 44例肝脏恶性肿瘤90Y‑SIRT患者的临床资料及影像学特征

本研究包含44例肝恶性肿瘤,男性34例,女性10例,年龄(57±14)岁,多发肝内病灶为主(72.7%),基线MRI上肝肿瘤最大径>5 cm占56.8%。2例患者90Y‑SIRT后出现局限性正常肝组织显影,MRI复查对应区域表现为放射性肝损伤,见表1。

2.2 肝恶性肿瘤患者90Y‑SIRT后1、3个月随访的MRI表现

MRI表现中以肿瘤体积缩小、强化范围缩小和ADC值升高为主,均占比>50%。1个月随访的结果显示,肿瘤体积缩小和强化范围缩小在原发组与继发组间的差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05),原发组更为明显。3个月随访的结果显示,肿瘤强化范围缩小、T2WI信号减低、边缘环形强化和胆囊壁水肿仅出现在原发组。边缘环形强化在1个月和3个月的原发组均有体现,占比分别为40.6%(13/32)、22.7%(5/22),见表2、3。

2.3 肝恶性肿瘤90Y‑SIRT后的疗效评价及MRI缓解率

原发组于治疗后1个月、3个月和6个月缓解率分别为68.7%、72.2%和83.3%,原发组较继发组表现出更高的缓解率,其中原发组于6个月最佳,继发组于3个月最佳,见表4、图1。

2.4 肝肿瘤实际吸收剂量与肿瘤缓解的关系

Spearman相关性分析结果显示,肿瘤实际吸收剂量与1个月(ρ=0.144,P=0.388)、3个月(ρ=0.061,P=0.764)和6个月(ρ=0.104,P=0.356)后MRI肿瘤缓解之间无统计学相关性。

2.5 评价肿瘤早期应答能力的指标比较

MRI‑DWI中ADC值灵敏度和特异度分别为88.24%和16.67%;肿瘤标志物灵敏度和特异度分别为73.33%和71.43%。前者在早期评价肿瘤应答方面具有较高的识别能力,但准确率不如后者,见表5。

3 讨论

90Y‑SIRT在不可切除的肝恶性肿瘤中具有重要价值[3‑6]。90Y‑SIRT是将直径约20~60 mm的90Y‑微球经超选注射到肿瘤供血小动脉,到达肿瘤局部,同时起到局部放疗和栓塞的作用,使肿瘤坏死,从而达到治疗效果。这种作用方式决定了其影像学结果与其他治疗方法有所不同。

增强CT或MRI是90Y‑SIRT术后疗效评价的主要手段[7]。常规在1~3个月进行第1次影像复查,之后每2~3个月1次复查[7,8]。缺乏血供的转移瘤通常采用RECIST1.1标准评估,主要基于肿瘤最长径的变化来评价实体瘤疗效,广泛用于结直肠癌肝转移的疗效评价[9]。原发性肝癌的疗效通常采用mRECIST评价标准,评估指标为动脉期强化的存活肿瘤直径变化[1]。有文献报道,使用mRECIST的反应评估比使用RECIST 1.1的反应评估更准确[10,11]。不同标准下肿瘤的应答时间不同,影像学上常以肿瘤体积缩小、强化范围缩小和ADC值升高作为理想的应答[12,13]。本研究原发组于术后1个月复查即可观察到肿瘤应答(缓解率为68.7%),3~6个月表现出更高的肿瘤应答(原发组肿瘤缓解率为83.3%,继发组为40.0%),与多项研究[14‑20]结果一致,表现出较高的肿瘤缓解率。一项纳入162例HCC患者的多中心研究[3]显示,90Y‑SIRT患者治疗后的客观反应率(objective response rate,ORR)为88.3%,其中62.2%的患者治疗反应时间超过6个月。Abraham等[21]的研究在90 d内观察到50%达CR和33%达PR,总缓解率高达83%。与动脉化疗栓塞相比,90Y‑SIRT表现出了较好的肿瘤控制率和更长的进展时间(time to progression,TTP)(>26个月vs. 6.8个月),但没有延长患者的总生存期(18.6个月vs. 17.7个月)[22]。

研究表明90Y‑SIRT后的其他影像征象有周围水肿、环形边缘强化、治疗肝叶/肝段萎缩、包膜皱缩、对侧肝叶增大等。周围水肿和环形强化在治疗早期(1~3个月)即可以出现,而肝段萎缩、薄膜皱缩和对侧肝叶增大往往在治疗3个月以后出现;术后偶尔会出现一些合并症,如放射性肝病、胆道并发症(包括胆道扩张、胆囊炎和胆汁瘤)、肝周积液/胸腔积液、胃肠道并发症(胃肠炎、溃疡、穿孔等)、放射性肺炎、放射性皮炎等[7,8,23]。本研究在1个月随访中发现8例患者出现周围水肿、14例患者出现边缘环形强化,2例患者出现局限性放射性肝损伤(表现为T1WI和T2WI稍高信号,早期强化稍增高,晚期表现为局部肝萎缩,动脉期及延迟期呈不均匀强化,强化退出缓慢),与文献报道的放射性肝损伤的影像学表现一致[24]。研究表明在治疗的早期(30 d内)因肿瘤水肿、坏死、炎症等可导致肿瘤体积假性增大(假性进展),在90Y治疗后29~31 d较常见[13],本研究随访的影像在30 d以后未发现有假性进展。

DWI已被证明可以检测到相对较小的组织微观结构变化[24],ADC值作为DWI的量化指标可以客观地体现出肿瘤的扩散受限程度,因此可以在早期区分活组织和坏死组织。放射栓塞诱导引起的肿瘤坏死通常会发生在体积缩小之前,因此DWI可作为其治疗早期肿瘤应答的重要指标。多项研究已经证实ADC值可以较早地反映肿瘤应答[25‑27],Rhee等[28]比较了HCC对90Y‑SIRT放射栓塞将后的ADC的百分比变化与肿瘤大小的变化(最小>5%的大小变化),结果显示90Y治疗后1个月时用DWI评估的HCC肿瘤反应先于3个月时的解剖尺寸(P=0.03)。本研究也证实了以上观点。另外,Hectors等[29]的最近研究结果也证明了DWI在评估和预测HCC对放射栓塞的短期(6周)反应方面具有潜在效用(AUC=0.831),而动态增强MRI可预测长期(6~12个月)反应(AUC=0.857),血清甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)在预测6周时的客观反应方面具有价值,但不能预测完全缓解,AFP值与HCC对放射栓塞的长期反应缺乏关联。

本研究观察到原发组较继发组表现出更高的肿瘤缓解率,这一差异可能与肿瘤生物学特性、基线负荷及治疗策略等多因素相关。首先,原发性肝癌与肝转移瘤的血管结构和分子机制存在明显差异:肝细胞肝癌的异常窦状隙血管和血管内皮生长因子高表达等特征[30],更利于90Y微球富集并发挥辐射栓塞效应,而大部分的继发性肝肿瘤(如结直肠癌肝转移)往往表现为缺乏血供,且往往肝内病灶数量较多,分布散在,在介入超选时为了兼顾更多的病灶,单个病灶分布的放射性核素也相对稀疏,实际辐射剂量相对较低,而本研究重点观察的是体积最大的靶病灶,研究结果可能存在偏倚,此外,继发性肝肿瘤常合并肝外进展,肿瘤负荷重,使得疾病控制不如原发性肝癌。另外,本研究中原发组和继发组采用的是不同的评价标准,二者是否有可比性有待探讨。

本研究未发现肿瘤实际吸收剂量与影像缓解率之间的明显相关性,与现有的文献报道结果不符。Hermann等[31]研究表明,接受≥100 Gy的参与者的生存期比接受<100 Gy的参与者更长(14.1个月vs. 6.1个月),疾病控制参与者的肿瘤辐射吸收剂量高于疾病进展的参与者(121 Gy vs. 85 Gy,中位数),揭示了较高肿瘤辐射吸收剂量与更好的总生存期和疾病控制相关。本研究阴性结果可能与样本量小、非单一瘤肿或测量误差有关,另外,本研究随访的时间有限,总生存期尚不明确,缺乏客观评价依据。未来的研究将延长随访时间、加大样本量,以减少混杂因素对结果可靠性的影响。

近年来,90Y‑SIRT与靶向药物、免疫检查点抑制剂的联合策略成为研究热点。Chew等[32]研究发现,90Y‑SIRT后的患者的抗原呈递细胞的比例增加,且CD4+和CD8+T细胞中肿瘤细胞因子‑α的水平升高,这意味着全身免疫激活,提示90Y‑SIRT与免疫检查点抑制可能存在协同效应。Kaya等[33]在 90Y‑SIRT后联合纳武利尤单抗治疗晚期肝细胞癌的研究中发现肿瘤突变负荷、NCOR 1突变和较高的干扰素γ通路表达在反应者中更频繁,同时,无反应者倾向于富集一种新的亚洲特异性转录组亚型(Kaya P2),揭示了该联合治疗中独特的分子变化。以上研究为肝癌90Y‑SIRT联合靶免疫治疗提供了理论基础。一项国外的研究显示,27例晚期肝癌患者在90Y‑SIRT联合帕博利珠单抗治疗后的总生存期达到了27.3个月[34]。一项90Y‑SIRT联合伐利尤单抗的研究显示,23例局部晚期肝癌患者中,53%的患者总生存期达到18个月[5]。一项90Y‑SIRT联合PD‑L1的研究显示,41例联合治疗患者的ORR达到41.5%,4例患者降级为部分肝切除术,中位TTP达到8.8个月,中位总生存期(overall survival,OS)达到20.9个月,表现出可接受的安全性和抗肿瘤活性[35]。一项90Y‑SIRT联合索拉菲尼的前瞻性研究发现,联合组相比索拉菲尼单药组中位OS无明显延长,但65岁以下、非肝硬化、非酒精肝的HCC患者仍能从联合治疗中获益[36]。国内也报道了一例关于90Y微球放射栓塞联合靶向和免疫治疗后成功肝移植的案例[37]。现有的研究表明,90Y‑SIRT联合靶免治疗具有良好的治疗效果和较低的不良反应[36,38‑40]。新的联合治疗方式在肝癌降期转化治疗中应用前景广阔,给不可切除晚期肝癌患者带来了希望,也为未来研究的方向提供了新思路。

本研究存在以下不足:(1)样本量较小,研究结果可能存在偏倚;(2)研究对象仅局限于最大病灶或放射性分布最浓的病灶,未做患者的整体疗效相关评估。随着国内越来越多的临床研究的开展,相信90Y‑SIRT标准评估体系将不断完善,从而推动此项技术的发展。

作者贡献度说明:

林秀艳:研究实施、论文撰写;于丽娟:研究指导、论文修改;王玉君:图像解析、论文指导;李雪艳:图像解析、统计学分析;龚伟、孟凡盛、潘登:数据解析

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。

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基金资助

海南省卫生健康行业科研项目(22A200294)

海南省临床医学研究中心项目(LCYX202403)

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