多酚类天然化合物防治结直肠癌的研究进展

黄熠 ,  郑新烨 ,  赵紫微 ,  黄怡婷 ,  吴美珠 ,  陈友琴 ,  沈阿灵

海南医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (8) : 631 -640.

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海南医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (8) : 631 -640. DOI: 10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250716.001
综述

多酚类天然化合物防治结直肠癌的研究进展

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Research progress on polyphenolic natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer

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摘要

结直肠癌是全球范围内导致癌症死亡的第二大原因。其发病机制复杂且放化疗常带来严重毒副反应,因此亟需寻找新的天然无毒化合物用于替代治疗或辅助治疗。近年来的研究发现,天然多酚在治疗或预防结直肠癌方面显示出巨大前景,其可能通过发挥抗炎、抗增殖、促进凋亡、逆转耐药及调控肠道菌群等多种作用展现其抗癌潜力。本文综述近年来多酚类化合物治疗结直肠癌的相关研究进展,并梳理其发挥抗癌作用的多种作用机制及提升其生物利用度和靶向性的应用,以期为结直肠癌的治疗提供新的思路。

Abstract

Colorectal cancer ranks as the second most common cause of cancer mortality globally. Given the disease's intricate pathogenic mechanisms and the significant adverse effects frequently associated with conventional radiation and chemotherapy, identifying novel natural compounds with minimal toxicity for alternative or complementary therapies has become imperative. Emerging research indicates that natural polyphenols exhibit substantial potential in both the treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer. These compounds may exert their anti⁃cancer properties through diverse pathways, including inflammation suppression, proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction, drug resistance modulation, and gut microbiome regulation. This paper synthesizes current advancements in polyphenol⁃based colorectal cancer research, elucidates their multifaceted anti⁃tumor mechanisms, and explores strategies to improve their therapeutic bioavailability and targeting specificity, thereby offering innovative perspectives for clinical management.

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关键词

多酚 / 结直肠癌 / 生物利用度 / 载体

Key words

Polyphenols / Colorectal cancer(CRC) / Bioavailability / Delivery systems

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黄熠,郑新烨,赵紫微,黄怡婷,吴美珠,陈友琴,沈阿灵. 多酚类天然化合物防治结直肠癌的研究进展[J]. 海南医科大学学报, 2026, 32(8): 631-640 DOI:10.13210/j.cnki.jhmu.20250716.001

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结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是一种起源于大肠黏膜的恶性肿瘤,主要包括结肠癌和直肠癌2种类型1。根据2022年全球癌症统计数据,结直肠癌新发病例约为192万例,占所有癌症新发病例的9.6%,居全球第3位;其死亡人数约为90万,占总癌症死亡人数的9.3%,居第2位2。可见,结直肠癌的防控水平亟待提高。
结直肠癌早期常无明显症状,临床“隐匿性”强,导致早期确诊率较低3。大部分患者在确诊时已属中晚期,甚至已有远处转移,严重影响预后4。即使经过根治性手术配合标准放化疗,超过50%的患者最终仍发生转移和复发5。而与传统放化疗相关的严重毒副反应及肿瘤耐药问题,是影响治疗成效和患者生存率的主要障碍6。因此,进一步探索或研发新型化合物,提升治疗效果,降低副作用,并延缓或减少耐药的发生具有重要临床意义。

1 多酚类化合物的结构与分类

多酚类化合物是一类广泛存在于植物中的天然活性成分,主要富含于水果、蔬菜、茶叶、咖啡及红酒等食物中,其具有潜在的健康促进和疾病防治作用7。多酚的基本结构特征为含有一个或多个酚羟基及芳香环,通常为低分子有机化合物,结构由简至繁,具备良好的抗氧化和生物活性89

多酚类结构可从简单酚类到高度聚合物,结构多样,功能丰富。按结构特征及生物活性,主要分为类黄酮、酚酸、酚醇、二苯乙烯、木脂素等10。多酚的结构多样性决定了其在体内多靶点的生物学作用和潜在应用价值,成为结直肠癌防治研究的重要候选成分11。认识多酚的基本结构及分类,有助于进一步探究其分子机制及健康效益。

2 天然多酚防治结直肠癌的研究现状

2.1 天然多酚的抗炎作用

炎症是结直肠癌发生与发展中的关键驱动力,慢性炎症尤其是溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)患者的肠道慢性病变明显增加CRC患病风险12研究发现,核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa⁃B,NF⁃κB)是炎症反应的核心枢纽,过度激活导致炎症级联反应及上皮损伤13。研究表明,天然多酚具备良好的炎症调节功能14。姜黄素(姜科植物根茎中提取的多酚类化合物)可通过下调NF⁃κB/IkB通路及抑制促炎因子如IL⁃1、IL⁃6、IL⁃8及TNF⁃α表达,改善2,4,6⁃三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6⁃trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid,TNBS)诱导的小鼠UC15。没食子酸(广泛分布在茶、可可和核桃等产生单宁的植物中)可改善葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的小鼠UC,减轻结肠组织中NLRP3炎性小体的活性,其作用机制可能与抑制NF⁃κB信号通路的异常激活有关16。白藜芦醇(多存在于葡萄、虎杖、决明子和花生等植物中)通过激活Nrf2/HO⁃1信号以提升抗炎因子IL⁃10表达,同时抑制IL⁃1β、IL⁃6和TNF⁃α,有效改善结肠黏膜损伤17。厚朴酚(提取自木兰科植物厚朴)干预提高了DSS诱导的小鼠UC中血清色氨酸代谢水平,降低肠组织促炎细胞因子(TNF⁃α、IL⁃6和IL⁃1β),改善小鼠UC症状18。此外,提取自樱桃的花青素降低UC大鼠血清中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的表达水平,提高了过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH⁃Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的水平,并下调了促炎细胞因子(IL⁃1β、IL⁃6和TNF⁃α)的表达水平,其作用机制可能与抑制Wnt/β⁃Catenin通路相关19。这些研究共同提示,多酚类天然产物在调控炎症与免疫微环境方面具有良好的潜力,为结直肠癌乃至慢性肠道炎症相关疾病的预防和辅助治疗提供了重要的新方向。然而,这些化合物的临床应用仍需进一步的研究和验证。

2.2 天然多酚抑制结直肠癌细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡

多酚化合物不仅具有抗炎效果,还能抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和诱导细胞凋亡。研究表明,这类化合物可通过多种途径发挥抗癌作用,包括诱导细胞周期停滞、激活凋亡信号通路以及调节肿瘤抑制因子的表达等。例如,来自绿茶的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯作为最具活性的多酚之一,能够通过Caspase⁃3和PARP介导SW480、SW620、LS411N等结直肠癌细胞的凋亡,同时下调STAT3和其磷酸化形式(p⁃STAT3)的表达,提示其可通过抑制STAT3信号促进细胞凋亡,从而抑制细胞增殖20。姜黄素作为另一典型多酚,同样展现出抑制CRC细胞的明显效果。在15~30 μmol/L范围内,姜黄素干预48 h可使CC531细胞增殖率明显降低21,并可能通过激活TRPA1通道以剂量和时间依赖方式抑制Caco⁃2细胞增殖22。此外,姜黄素通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,诱导铁死亡并抑制HCT⁃8细胞增殖23,还可上调miR⁃206表达,通过JAK/STAT3通路下调PD⁃L1,进一步抑制结肠癌细胞增殖并促进凋亡24。白藜芦醇能通过多种机制发挥抗CRC作用25。一方面,该化合物可调控肿瘤微环境中p53与Sirt⁃1的负调控,诱导细胞凋亡26;另一方面,白藜芦醇通过激活SIRT1抑制FOXM1表达,激发自噬和凋亡,从而抑制肿瘤进展27。同时,其抗增殖作用还涉及PTEN/PI3K/Akt、Wnt/β⁃catenin和Notch信号通路的调节2829。此外,棉酚(主要源自棉花)可以通过阻断CaV3钙通道诱导CRC细胞G0/G1期细胞周期停滞,进而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖30。木犀草素(存在于全叶青兰、辣椒、野菊花、金银花、紫苏等植物中)则通过降低Nrf2启动子区甲基化、上调Nrf2及其下游抗氧化应激基因的表达,有效抑制HCT116和HT⁃29细胞的增殖31。水飞蓟素(源自水飞蓟的种子壳)则能够上调Bax、Caspase⁃3、Atg5、Atg7及BECN1表达,降低Bcl⁃2水平,强烈诱导CT26细胞的凋亡和自噬,并抑制Cyclin B1/D1和CDK⁃2蛋白表达水平使细胞周期阻滞于G1期3233。红景天苷(提取自景天科植物大花红景天等的根及根茎)可通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,抑制CRC细胞增殖,诱导其自噬、凋亡34。芹菜素(广泛分布于温热带的蔬菜和水果中)可通过靶向PKM2抑制糖酵解从而诱导CRC细胞凋亡35。综上所述,多酚类化合物通过调控多重信号通路,协同抑制结直肠癌细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡及自噬,显示出其作为潜在抗癌药物的广阔应用前景。

2.3 天然多酚逆转结直肠癌耐药

药物耐药性是制约CRC化疗疗效的关键因素36。近年来研究发现,天然多酚类化合物可通过多靶点、多通路的作用机制有效逆转肿瘤细胞的耐药性,为改善结直肠癌治疗效果提供了新思路。研究表明,多酚类化合物主要通过以下机制发挥耐药逆转作用:首先,在调控药物代谢方面,姜黄素可通过抑制ATP依赖的P⁃糖蛋白转运活性,增加耐药细胞内阿霉素的蓄积,从而增强药物诱导的细胞毒性和凋亡效应37。白藜芦醇则能明显促进顺铂耐药细胞对药物的摄取,提高化疗敏感性38。其次,在信号通路调控方面,白藜芦醇通过AMPK依赖的方式下调MDR1表达、抑制NF⁃κB信号通路并降低CREB激活水平,从而逆转奥沙利铂耐药39。同时,白藜芦醇还可通过下调EGFR/AKT/mTOR信号通路抑制CRC细胞增殖和迁移,进而改善CRC细胞伊立替康化疗耐药性40。槲皮素(广泛存在于许多植物的茎皮、花、叶、芽、种子、果实中)和木犀草素均可通过激活Nrf2/HO⁃1通路,降低氧化应激相关因子(SOD、CAT和GPx等)的表达,恢复肿瘤细胞对5⁃氟尿嘧啶和奥沙利铂的敏感性4142。另有研究报道,槲皮素以剂量依赖性的方式逆转CRC细胞的5⁃FU耐药性,诱导细胞自噬,其作用机制可能与抑制AKT/mTOR的磷酸化有关43。此外,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯通过调控GRP78/NF⁃κB/miR⁃155⁃5p/MDR1信号网络增强结直肠癌对5⁃氟尿嘧啶的敏感性44。山奈酚(主要来源于姜科植物山奈的根茎)则通过调控miRNA⁃326⁃hnRNPA1/A2/PTBP1⁃PKM2轴逆转5⁃氟尿嘧啶耐药45。值得注意的是,多酚类化合物还可通过影响细胞周期和死亡机制发挥作用,如姜黄素通过诱导活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成和G2/M期阻滞逆转NNMT介导的5⁃氟尿嘧啶耐药46;芹菜素则通过激活自噬和程序性细胞死亡,靶向调控m⁃TOR/PI3K/Akt通路抑制耐药细胞生长47。安石榴苷(石榴皮多酚的主要成分)能通过上调PTEN的表达逆转CRC细胞的奥沙利铂耐药性48。从能量代谢的角度,黄芩苷(提取自黄芩的根茎)可以通过PKM2/HIF⁃1α调控CRC耐药细胞代谢重编程从而逆转耐药细胞对5⁃FU的耐药性49

综上所述,天然多酚类化合物通过调控药物转运蛋白、氧化应激通路和细胞信号转导等多重机制,在逆转结直肠癌多药耐药方面展现出良好的应用前景。这些发现为开发新型化疗增敏剂提供了重要的理论依据,也为结直肠癌的联合治疗策略提供了新的研究方向。未来需要进一步开展深入的机制研究和临床转化探索,以推动多酚类化合物在肿瘤治疗中的实际应用。

2.4 天然多酚与肠道菌群

肠道菌群失调与包括结直肠癌在内的多种疾病发生密切相关50。多酚类化合物作为一类天然活性成分,能够通过调节肠道菌群结构,抑制病原菌生长,并促进双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌有益菌的增殖51。这些有益菌在维持肠道屏障功能和防止肠道炎症方面发挥重要作用5253。值得注意的是,多酚的生物活性与其代谢特征密切相关——肠道菌群能将多酚转化为具有更高生物利用度的活性代谢产物,这些代谢物不仅能直接发挥抗癌效应,还可通过"菌群⁃代谢物"双向调控网络进一步优化菌群结构5455。因此,增加富含多酚的食物摄入,例如水果、蔬菜和全谷物,可能是一种预防结直肠癌的有效膳食策略56

众多多酚类物质中,山奈酚因其明显的抗炎、抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性备受关注57。研究表明,山奈酚有效减轻ApcMin/+小鼠的肿瘤负荷,改善肠道屏障的受损程度;肠道菌群分析显示,山奈酚干预的小鼠肠道内具有抗肿瘤特性的菌群丰度升高,而与炎症、肥胖和代谢紊乱相关的菌群丰度则降低,提示山奈酚能够通过调节肠道菌群稳态,改善小鼠的肿瘤负荷能力58。富含多酚的葡萄粉是一种从葡萄中提取的天然植物多酚复合物,包含原花青素、儿茶素、表儿茶素、白藜芦醇等多种多酚类化合物。研究证实,10%的富含多酚葡萄粉能够有效减轻偶氮甲烷/葡聚糖硫酸钠(azoxymethane/ dextran sulfate sodium,AOM/DSS)诱导的结肠炎相关性结直肠癌的发生、发展。机制研究表明,10%的富含多酚葡萄粉可增加肠道菌群的均匀度,改善菌群均匀度下降和微生物组成紊乱;提高黏细菌科中丁酸产生菌的相对丰度,并增加粪便中丁酸的浓度,从而改善肠道屏障功能,减轻炎症反应,抑制肿瘤生长59

另有研究报道,白藜芦醇可通过调节肠道微生物群的组成和功能,以及促进其代谢产物丁酸的产生,进而促进抗炎性T细胞反应,从而减轻炎症驱动的结直肠癌发展。在AOM/DSS处理的小鼠中,与对照组相比,RuminococcusAkkermansiaDehalobacteriumAnerostipesAnaeroplasmaBlautiaClostridium等菌属的丰度明显降低;然而,经白藜芦醇处理后,这些菌属的丰度得到恢复或增加。进一步研究表明,白藜芦醇对肠道菌群的调控能够直接影响AOM/DSS诱导的结肠炎相关性结直肠癌中的T细胞免疫反应。例如,Ruminococcus gnavus的丰度与抗炎性CD4+ FoxP3+ Treg细胞和IL⁃10产生T细胞的水平呈明显正相关,而与炎症性T细胞亚群(如Th17和Th1细胞)的水平呈负相关;Akkermansia muciniphilia的水平与促炎性T细胞反应呈明显负相关;Akkermansia muciniphiliaMucispirillum schaedleriRuminococcus gnavus的水平与肿瘤数量和疾病评分呈明显负相关60。总之,白藜芦醇治疗结肠炎相关性结直肠癌小鼠可引起肠道微生物特征和功能的明显变化,且这些变化与疾病严重程度和免疫反应等密切相关。表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和姜黄素同样增加了益生菌如乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和瘤胃球菌等的相对丰度,抑制CRC小鼠肿瘤进展6162。另有研究报道,黄芩苷干预可降低厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值,有效抑制高脂饮食诱导的结直肠癌肝转移63。汉黄芩素(提取自黄芩的根茎)干预后CRC小鼠的大肠埃氏菌属⁃志贺氏菌属、副拟杆菌属的丰度明显下调,伊雷杆菌属、瘤胃球⁃UCG⁃014属的丰度上调,明显抑制CRC发展64。见表1

综上所述,天然多酚通过调节肠道微生物群,改善肠道健康,展现出治疗结直肠癌的潜力。这一领域的进一步研究将有助于开发新的预防和治疗策略,以应对这一全球性健康挑战。

3 多酚类化合物递送系统在提高生物利用度和靶向性中的应用研究进展

3.1 纳米颗粒递送系统

多酚类化合物虽具有明显的抗氧化、抗菌和抗炎等生理活性,但其在体内易降解、吸收率低的特点严重制约了其在结直肠癌治疗中的应用6566。近年来,纳米递送系统因其独特的靶向性、生物相容性和可降解性等优势,为解决这一难题提供了新思路67。目前,基于动态共价键、非共价键、聚合反应、化学偶联、还原反应及金属⁃多酚网络等多种技术制备的纳米颗粒,可明显改善多酚类化合物的稳定性和生物利用度68

研究表明,纳米结构载体作为柚皮素(主要来自漆树科植物腰果的种皮等)的递送系统,不仅提高了药物在脂质基质中的溶解度,还实现了精准的药物释放。其作用机制在于:能明显下调抗凋亡因子(Survivin、Bcl⁃xl和Cyclin⁃B1)及氧化应激相关因子Nrf2的表达,同时上调促凋亡因子Bid的表达,从而有效抑制HT⁃29结直肠癌细胞生长69。此外,纳米颗粒通过被动靶向和主动靶向机制,可明显提高药物在病灶部位的蓄积。例如,叶酸⁃壳聚糖⁃橙皮素(主要来源于芸香科柑橘属幼果)纳米颗粒通过被动靶向效应在结直肠癌细胞中富集,能明显抑制癌细胞增殖并诱导凋亡70。而经透明质酸修饰的纳米颗粒则可特异性识别结直肠癌细胞表面的CD44受体,明显提高姜黄素和槲皮素等多酚类化合物的靶向递送效率71

3.2 脂质体递送系统

脂质体是由磷脂双分子层构成的纳米级囊泡,具有同时包载疏水性和亲水性药物的独特优势72。研究表明,脂质体可有效保护多酚类化合物免受环境因素影响,明显提高其稳定性和生物利用度73。例如,白藜芦醇和青蒿素共载脂质体不仅能提高口服生物利用度,还可通过促进ROS生成和氧化应激来抑制结直肠癌细胞生长74。聚乙二醇化槲皮素脂质体则通过下调HSP70表达,明显增强了对结直肠癌细胞的凋亡诱导作用75

通过表面修饰技术,脂质体还可实现主动靶向递送。姜黄素/脂质体⁃聚乙二醇⁃聚乙烯亚胺复合物在CT26和HT⁃29细胞系中表现出更强的细胞毒性,其作用机制涉及诱导细胞周期G2/M期阻滞和快速触发凋亡76。这些研究证实,脂质体递送系统可明显提高多酚类化合物的治疗效果和安全性。

3.3 纳米乳剂递送系统

纳米乳剂是由油水两相在乳化剂作用下经高速剪切、高压均质或超声乳化形成的均相体系77,能明显提高多酚类化合物的溶解度和生物利用度78。研究显示,以d⁃生育酚聚乙二醇琥珀酸酯为表面活性剂制备的槲皮素纳米乳剂较游离药物表现出更强的抗肿瘤活性79

元花宁纳米乳剂不仅能提高药物溶解度,还可通过调节IL⁃10和IFN⁃γ等细胞因子分泌,发挥抗炎和抗肿瘤双重作用80。此外,白藜芦醇纳米乳剂对HCT⁃116细胞表现出选择性毒性,而对正常细胞影响较小81。这些研究为开发高效低毒的抗结直肠癌制剂提供了重要参考。

综上所述,纳米颗粒、脂质体和纳米乳剂等递送系统通过提高多酚类化合物的稳定性、生物利用度和靶向性,为结直肠癌治疗提供了新的策略。未来研究应着重于优化递送系统设计,进一步提高治疗效果并降低不良反应。见图1

4 讨论与展望

多酚类化合物作为一类具有多重生物活性的天然植物成分,在CRC的防治领域展现出广阔的应用前景。基于现有研究证据,本综述系统总结了多酚类化合物通过抗炎、促凋亡、周期调控、耐药逆转以及菌群调节等多途径发挥抗CRC作用的分子机制。这些发现为开发新型抗CRC药物提供了重要的理论依据。从作用机制来看,多酚类化合物具有以下明显优势:(1)多靶点调控,可同时干预NF‑κB、PI3K/Akt/mTOR、JAK/STAT3、Wnt/β‑Catenin等关键信号通路,并通过抗炎、促凋亡、细胞周期阻滞、耐药逆转及菌群调节等多途径协同发挥抗CRC作用;(2)天然来源确保其低生物毒性,相较于传统合成化疗药物,安全性更高;(3)来源广泛且易于膳食摄取,存在于茶、咖啡、红酒及各类蔬果中,降低了使用成本,适合长期预防,同时丰富的结构多样性为药物结构优化和剂型开发提供了多样可能。

近年来,基于纳米技术(如脂质体、纳米颗粒等)的递送系统有效解决了多酚类化合物生物利用度低的瓶颈68。此外,中医药资源中如姜黄、厚朴等含有丰富的抗肿瘤多酚成分8283,其系统研究与开发具有重要科学及临床价值。紫杉醇等植物来源多酚类药物已成功应用于临床肿瘤治疗,为多酚类抗CRC药物研发提供了宝贵参考。

尽管多酚类化合物在结直肠癌的预防和治疗中显示出诸多积极作用,但目前大多数研究仍局限于体外实验和动物模型,临床试验数据极其有限84。未来亟需通过临床研究验证其疗效与安全性,但仍面临多项挑战:(1)低溶解度与生物利用度限制了临床转化,新型递送技术尚未成熟且研发成本较高85;(2)相较靶向化疗药物,多酚的多靶点作用缺乏足够的肿瘤细胞特异性;(3)最大耐受剂量、长期毒性及药物相互作用等安全性指标需通过系统的临床前及临床研究进一步明确。因此,深入研究多酚类化合物的生物利用度、药代动力学及药物相互作用,搭建基础研究与临床应用的桥梁,显得尤为紧迫。加速天然多酚向CRC防治临床应用的转化,有望为患者提供更多有效治疗选项。

作者贡献度说明:

黄熠,郑新烨,赵紫微,黄怡婷:选题构思、文献调研、论文撰写;吴美珠,陈友琴:论文修改;沈阿灵:论文审阅及定稿。

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。

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