小檗碱杀伤ST3芽囊原虫的作用研究

钟悦 ,  严宜明 ,  谢富华

赣南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11) : 1027 -1032.

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赣南医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11) : 1027 -1032. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2097-7174.2025.11.001
基础研究

小檗碱杀伤ST3芽囊原虫的作用研究

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Investigation of the insecticidal activity of berberine against ST3 subtype Blastocystis

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摘要

目的 探讨小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫的杀伤活性及其对T84细胞毒性的影响,并分析其对炎症因子表达的分子调控机制。 方法 ⑴将ST3芽囊原虫浓度调整至1×106·mL-1,培养24、48、72、96和120 h分别进行计数;⑵阴性对照组(PBS)、阳性对照组(MNZ100)、200 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR200)、400 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR400)、600 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR600)、800 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR800)及1 000 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR1 000)。各组虫体置于37 ℃厌氧培养箱培养,分别于24、72及144 h采用血细胞计数板计算虫体数量;⑶将细胞分为空白对照组(PBS)、虫体对照组(BH)、BBR200组(BBR200)、BBR400组(BBR400)。培养24 h后,倒置显微镜观察各组细胞形态变化;⑷采用CCK-8法检测T84细胞活性;⑸运用RT-qPCR技术测定T84细胞促炎因子MCP-1、TNF-α、GM-CSF及抗炎因子TGF-β的mRNA转录水平;⑹运用ELISA技术测定促炎因子MCP-1和抗炎因子TGF-β蛋白表达水平。 结果 ⑴ST3虫株在24~72 h处于对数生长期,72~96 h达到稳定期,随后逐渐进入衰退期,虫体数量呈进行性减少;⑵PBS组72 h内虫体数量增长约2倍;MNZ100组72 h抑制率为80%,144 h抑制率达95%;BBR200、BBR400、BBR600、BBR800、BBR1000组72 h抑制率分别为49.2%、75%、84.2%、94%、98.4%,144 h抑制率升高至74%、91.2%、96.6%、98.2%、99.2%。结果表明小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫具有浓度依赖性抑制作用,200 μmol·L-1即可显著抑制ST3芽囊原虫增殖,400 μmol·L-1时抑制效果接近甲硝唑,600 μmol·L-1时抑制效果优于甲硝唑;⑶ST3芽囊原虫培养144 h后,PBS组虫体细胞形态完整、胞体透亮、轮廓饱满、胞膜清晰。BBR400组虫体细胞体积膨大、胞膜破裂、胞质溢出及核固缩并伴有染色加深等典型凋亡特征。MNZ100组与BBR400组形态学变化趋势相似,但细胞肿胀程度更为显著;⑷PBS组和BBR400组细胞均呈典型的铺路石样贴壁生长特征;BBR200组部分细胞出现圆缩和脱壁现象;而BH组细胞出现广泛的细胞圆缩和脱壁;⑸BH组细胞活力显著低于PBS组(P<0.01);BBR200组和BBR400组细胞活性显著高于BH组(P<0.01),且小檗碱浓度与细胞活性呈正相关(r =0.92,P<0.05);⑹RT-qPCR检测结果显示:与PBS组比较,BH组MCP-1、TNF-α及GM-CSF mRNA表达增加,TGF-β mRNA表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与BH组比较,BBR200组MCP-1、TNF-α及GM-CSF mRNA表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),TGF-β mRNA表达增加,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);⑺ELISA检测结果显示:与PBS组比较,BH组MCP-1蛋白表达增加,TGF-β蛋白表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与BH组比较,BBR200组MCP-1蛋白表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),TGF-β蛋白表达增加,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫有显著的浓度依赖性杀伤活性,能够有效抑制虫体增殖并诱导其形态学改变。ST3芽囊原虫通过上调促炎因子、下调抗炎因子对T84细胞产生明确的毒性效应,而小檗碱则通过逆转该炎症因子失衡状态,减轻毒性效应,发挥抗虫作用。

Abstract

Objective To explore the killing activity of berberine against ST3 subtype Blastocystis and its cytotoxicity on T84 cells, and to analyze its molecular regulatory mechanism on the expression of inflammatory factors. Methods : ⑴ The concentration of ST3 subtype Blastocystis was adjusted to 1×106·mL-1 and the counts were taken at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h of culture, respectively; ⑵ The negative control group (PBS), positive control group (MNZ100), 200 μmol·L-1 berberine group (BBR200), 400 μmol·L-1 berberine group (BBR400), 600 μmol·L-1 berberine group (BBR600), 800 μmol·L-1 berberine group (BBR800) and 1 000 μmol·L-1 berberine group (BBR1 000) were set up. The parasites in each group were cultured in an anaerobic incubator at 37 ℃, and the parasite counts were determined at 24, 72 and 144 h using a hemocytometer; ⑶ The cells were divided into blank control group (PBS), parasite control group (BH), BBR200 group (BBR200), and BBR400 group (BBR400). After 24 h of culture, the morphological changes of cells in each group were observed under an inverted microscope; ⑷ The activity of T84 cells was detected by CCK-8 assay; ⑸ The mRNA transcription levels of pro-inflammatory factors MCP-1, TNF-α, GM-CSF and anti-inflammatory factor TGF-β in T84 cells were determined by RT-qPCR; ⑹ The protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory factor MCP-1 and anti-inflammatory factor TGF-β were measured by ELISA. Results : ⑴ The ST3 strain was in the logarithmic growth phase from 24 to 72 h, reached the stationary phase at 72 to 96 h, and then gradually entered the decline phase, with the number of parasites decreasing progressively; ⑵ The number of parasites in the PBS group increased by approximately 2 times within 72 h; the inhibition rate of the MNZ100 group was 80% at 72 h and 95% at 144 h; the inhibition rates of the BBR200, BBR400, BBR600, BBR800, and BBR1 000 groups were 49.2%, 75%, 84.2%, 94%, and 98.4% at 72 h, respectively, and increased to 74%, 91.2%, 96.6%, 98.2%, and 99.2% at 144 h. The results indicated that berberine had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on ST3 subtype Blastocystis, with a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of ST3 subtype Blastocystis at 200 μmol·L-1, and the inhibitory effect was close to that of metronidazole at 400 μmol·L-1, and better than that of metronidazole at 600 μmol·L-1; ⑶ After 144 h of culture, the cells in the PBS group were morphologically intact, with clear cell membranes and full contours. The cells in the BBR400 group showed typical apoptotic features such as cell volume expansion, cell membrane rupture, cytoplasmic leakage, and nuclear condensation with deep staining. The morphological changes in the MNZ100 group were similar to those in the BBR400 group, but the degree of cell swelling was more significant; ⑷ The cells in the PBS group and the BBR400 group showed typical cobblestone-like adherent growth characteristics. Some cells in the BBR200 group showed rounding and detachment. In the BH group, extensive cell rounding and detachment occurred; ⑸ The cell viability in the BH group was significantly lower than that in the PBS group (P<0.01). The cell viability in the BBR200 and BBR400 groups was significantly higher than that in the BH group (P<0.01), and there was a positive correlation between berberine concentration and cell viability (r =0.92, P<0.05); ⑹ The RT-qPCR results showed that compared with the PBS group, the mRNA expression of MCP-1, TNF-α, and GM-CSF increased, and the mRNA expression of TGF-β decreased in the BH group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Compared with the BH group, the mRNA expression of MCP-1, TNF-α, and GM-CSF decreased in the BBR200 group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05), and the mRNA expression of TGF-β increased, but the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05); ⑺ The ELISA results showed that compared with the PBS group, the protein expression of MCP-1 increased and the protein expression of TGF-β decreased in the BH group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Compared with the BH group, the protein expression of MCP-1 decreased in the BBR200 group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05), and the protein expression of TGF-β increased, but the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05). Conclusion Berberine has a significant concentration-dependent killing activity against ST3 subtype Blastocystis, effectively inhibiting the proliferation of the parasite and inducing morphological changes. ST3 subtype Blastocystis exerts a definite toxic effect on T84 cells by up-regulating pro-inflammatory factors and down-regulating anti-inflammatory factors, while berberine exerts an insecticidal effect by reversing the imbalance of these inflammatory factors and reducing the toxic effects.

Graphical abstract

关键词

芽囊原虫 / 小檗碱 / 炎症因子 / 细胞毒性 / 浓度依赖性效应

Key words

Blastocystis / Berberine / Inflammatory factors / Cytotoxicity / Concentration-dependent effects

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
钟悦,严宜明,谢富华. 小檗碱杀伤ST3芽囊原虫的作用研究[J]. 赣南医科大学学报, 2025, 45(11): 1027-1032 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2097-7174.2025.11.001

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芽囊原虫(Blastocystis)是一种寄生于宿主肠道的单细胞厌氧真核生物,其全球检出率较高,尤其在人类粪便样本中较为常见1。最初,芽囊原虫被认为无致病性,但有研究发现其能感染多种宿主,且是一种人畜共患寄生虫2
芽囊原虫寄生与多种临床症状的关联性已被广泛报道,涉及的消化系统症状包括腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐等3。感染者可能无明显临床表现,但也可能出现严重消化道症状,特别是在免疫功能不全的个体中4。且不同芽囊原虫亚型可能导致不同的临床表现。因此,芽囊原虫寄生的临床症状表现多样,与个体的免疫状态、肠道微生物群落组成以及合并其他病原体密切相关。
芽囊原虫感染目前主要采用甲硝唑等抗生素进行治疗,但耐药性问题日益突出,尤其在既往接受过治疗的患者中更为普遍。耐药性不仅降低治疗效果、加重临床症状,还可能增强耐甲硝唑虫株的增殖能力与致病性。值得注意的是,不同亚型对药物的敏感性存在差异,且免疫受损患者的耐药风险更高5。由于现有疗法难以彻底清除病原体且复发率较高,部分患者症状迁延,因此亟需优化治疗策略,以应对由此带来的公共卫生挑战。
目前,芽囊原虫感染的临床治疗缺乏特异性药物。小檗碱(Berberine,BBR)作为传统中药黄连的主要活性成分,其抗寄生虫、抗炎及免疫调节等多重药理作用已得到广泛证实,但其对ST3芽囊原虫的作用机制尚未明确6。为此,本研究通过构建体外感染模型,探讨小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫的抑制作用,并分析其对T84人结肠癌细胞炎症因子表达的影响,以期为抗芽囊原虫药物研发提供实验依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验材料

1.1.1 虫株

ST3芽囊原虫由本实验室从临床腹泻患者粪便标本中分离鉴定并保存。

1.1.2 T84细胞

T84细胞来源于72岁男性结肠癌患者,购自美国模式培养物集存库,ATCC® CCL-248TM

1.1.3 药物与试剂

小檗碱(纯度≥98%)(德国Merck公司);甲硝唑(Metronidazole,MNZ)、青-链霉素混合液(北京Solarbio科技有限公司);RPMI 1640培养基、胎牛血清(美国Gibco公司);CCK-8试剂盒(北京全式金生物技术有限公司);MCP-1、TGF-β ELISA试剂盒(美国博士德生物工程有限公司);Trizol试剂(北京天根生化科技有限公司);PrimeScript RT reagent Kit、SYBR Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ(大连宝生物工程公司)。

1.1.4 主要仪器

CO2恒温培养箱(Thermo Scientific,型号3111);倒置显微镜(Olympus,型号Ⅸ73);实时荧光定量PCR仪(Bio-Rad,型号CFX96);酶标仪(Bio-Tek,型号ELx808)以及高速冷冻离心机(Eppendorf,型号5418R)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 ST3芽囊原虫培养

ST3芽囊原虫采用RPMI1640培养基(含10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素-链霉素混合液),37℃厌氧培养,每3 d传代1次。调整ST3芽囊原虫浓度至1×106·mL-1,培养24、48、72、96和120 h分别进行计数,实验独立重复3次。

1.2.2 小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫生长的影响

取对数生长期的ST3芽囊原虫,以700×g离心10 min富集虫体,用培养基将虫体浓度调整为5×10⁶·mL-1。于12孔细胞培养板中每孔接种1 mL虫体悬液。实验分为阴性对照组(PBS,加入0.01 mol·L-1、pH 7.4的PBS)、阳性对照组(MNZ100,含100 μg·mL-1MNZ)、200 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR200,200 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用于虫体)、400 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR400,400 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用于虫体)、600 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR600,600 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用于虫体)、800 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR800,800 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用于虫体)及1 000 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR1 000,1 000 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用于虫体)。各组虫体置于37°C厌氧培养箱培养,分别于24、72、144 h采用血细胞计数板计算虫体数量。

1.2.3 ST3芽囊原虫虫体裂解液制备

将ST3芽囊原虫分为阴性对照组(PBS,加入0.01 mol·L-1、pH 7.4的PBS)、虫体对照组(BH,ST3芽囊原虫培养72 h)、200 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR200,200 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用于ST3芽囊原虫72 h)、400 μmol·L-1小檗碱组(BBR400,400 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用于ST3芽囊原虫72 h),收集各组ST3芽囊原虫,用RPMI 1640培养基将芽囊原虫浓度调整至1×10⁷·mL⁻¹。将虫体置于液氮(或-80℃冰箱)冷冻30 min,随后37℃水浴解冻2 min,重复冻融操作3次。12 000×g离心10 min,收集上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤除菌,制备虫体裂解液,-80℃冰箱保存备用。

1.2.4 细胞模型建立

T84细胞在DMEM/F12培养基(含10%胎牛血清及1%青霉素-链霉素混合液),5% CO2、饱和湿度、37℃恒温培养箱中培养。待细胞融合度达80%~90%时,经0.25%胰蛋白酶消化后,按1∶3比例进行传代培养。将细胞分为空白对照组(PBS,加入0.01 mol·L-1、pH 7.4的PBS)、虫体对照组(BH,加入BH虫体裂解液)、BBR200组(BBR200,加入200 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用后的虫体裂解液)、BBR400组(BBR400,加入400 μmol·L-1小檗碱作用后的虫体裂解液)。培养24 h后,倒置显微镜观察各组细胞形态变化。

1.2.5 CCK-87

T84细胞按照4×104个/孔的密度接种到96孔板,培养24 h。按照实验分组分别加入10 μL PBS或虫体裂解液,继续培养24 h。每孔加入10 μL的CCK-8试剂,37 ℃孵育1 h,使用酶标仪测定450 nm处的吸光度。

1.2.6 RT-qPCR

提取1.2.4中4组细胞的RNA(100~200 ng),依据PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit说明书8合成cDNA。以cDNA作为模板,采用SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™ Ⅱ试剂盒进行RT-qPCR反应。运用2-ΔΔCt法计算目的基因的相对表达水平,引物序列参见表1

1.2.7 ELISA

收集4组细胞的上清液,依照ELISA试剂盒说明书9进行操作,利用酶标仪测定450 nm吸光度值,并依据标准曲线计算炎症因子浓度。

1.3 统计学处理

数据采用SPSS 14.0软件进行分析。计量资料采用x¯±s表示。根据方差齐性检验结果,方差齐2组比较采用LSD-t检验,方差不齐2组比较采用Games-Howell检验;多组比较采用单因素方差分析。检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果

2.1 ST3芽囊原虫生长规律

ST3虫株在24~72 h处于对数生长期,72~96 h达到稳定期,随后逐渐进入衰退期,虫体数量呈进行性减少(图1)。

2.2 小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫的抑制作用

PBS组72 h内虫体数量增长约2倍;MNZ100组72 h抑制率为80%,144 h抑制率达95%;BBR200、BBR400、BBR600、BBR800、BBR1000组72 h抑制率分别为49.2%、75%、84.2%、94%、98.4%,144 h抑制率升高至74%、91.2%、96.6%、98.2%、99.2%。以上结果表明,小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫具有浓度依赖性抑制作用,200 μmol·L-1即可显著抑制ST3芽囊原虫增殖,400 μmol·L-1时抑制效果接近甲硝唑,600 μmol·L-1时抑制效果优于甲硝唑(图2)。

2.3 小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫形态的影响

ST3芽囊原虫培养144 h后,PBS组虫体细胞形态完整、胞体透亮、轮廓饱满、胞膜清晰。BBR400组虫体细胞体积膨大、胞膜破裂、胞质溢出及核固缩并伴有染色加深等典型凋亡特征。MNZ100组与BBR400组形态学变化趋势相似,但细胞肿胀程度更为显著(图3)。

2.4 小檗碱作用于ST3芽囊原虫后对T84细胞毒性的影响

T84细胞与虫体裂解液孵育后,形态学观察结果显示:PBS组和BBR400组细胞均呈典型的铺路石样贴壁生长特征;BBR200组部分细胞出现圆缩和脱壁现象;而BH组细胞出现广泛的细胞圆缩和脱壁(图4)。CCK-8检测结果显示:BH组细胞活力显著低于PBS组(P<0.01);BBR200组和BBR400组细胞活力显著高于BH组(P<0.01)(图5),且小檗碱浓度与细胞活力呈正相关(r=0.92,P<0.05)。

2.5 小檗碱作用于ST3芽囊原虫后对T84细胞炎症因子表达的影响

RT-qPCR检测结果显示:与PBS组比较,BH组MCP-1、TNF-α及GM-CSF mRNA表达增加,TGF-β mRNA表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与BH组比较,BBR200组MCP-1、TNF-α及GM-CSF mRNA表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),TGF-β mRNA表达增加,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图6)。ELISA检测结果显示:与PBS组比较,BH组MCP-1蛋白表达增加,TGF-β蛋白表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与BH组比较,BBR200组MCP-1蛋白表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),TGF-β蛋白表达增加,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图7)。

3 讨论

本研究评估了小檗碱对ST3芽囊原虫的体外抑制作用,以及其对宿主细胞炎症反应的调控效果。小檗碱在200~1 000 μmol·L-1范围内对ST3芽囊原虫具有显著的浓度依赖性杀伤效应,尤其在400 μmol·L-1时其抑制效果已接近甲硝唑,600 μmol·L-1时优于甲硝唑。形态学观察进一步显示,小檗碱处理后的虫体出现胞膜破裂、核固缩等典型凋亡特征,提示其可能通过诱导细胞凋亡途径发挥抗虫作用。已有研究10-11表明,小檗碱可作用于寄生虫的线粒体膜电位,诱导线粒体途径凋亡,干扰其能量代谢,并降低PI3K/AKT信号通路活性,诱导细胞凋亡相关基因表达上调。此外,小檗碱作为一种植物碱,还可通过抑制拓扑异构酶、干扰DNA复制等机制发挥抗微生物活性12-13,这些可能是其对芽囊原虫具有高效抑制作用的潜在机制。

本研究发现,ST3芽囊原虫裂解液能诱导T84细胞产生炎症反应,具体表现为MCP-1、TNF-α、GM-CSF等促炎因子表达上调,同时抗炎因子TGF-β表达降低。小檗碱预处理可浓度依赖性地逆转这一失衡状态,尤其在400 μmol·L-1时对MCP-1和TGF-β的调节效果最为显著。这一结果提示,小檗碱不仅具有直接杀虫作用,还可能通过调节宿主免疫反应间接控制感染进程。MCP-1和TNF-α是介导肠道炎症的关键因子,其过度表达与肠道屏障功能损伤密切相关14-17。小檗碱能够显著抑制这些因子的表达,说明其可能通过NF-κB或MAPK信号通路调控炎症基因转录18-19。此外,TGF-β的恢复也提示小檗碱可能促进调节性T细胞功能,增强抗炎反应,从而维持免疫平衡20

目前甲硝唑仍是治疗芽囊原虫感染的一线药物,但其耐药性及胃肠道不良反应限制了其临床应用21-22。小檗碱作为植物来源化合物,具有温和及靶点多样的优势。本研究表明,小檗碱在较低浓度(400 μmol·L-1)下即可达到与甲硝唑相当的抗虫效果,并在高浓度下表现更优,且能显著缓解由虫体引起的宿主细胞炎症损伤。这为小檗碱作为替代或辅助药物治疗芽囊原虫感染提供了实验依据。尤其对于甲硝唑耐药或不能耐受的患者,小檗碱可能成为一种新的治疗选择。此外,它兼具抗虫与抗炎双重功效,尤其适用于伴有显著肠道炎症症状的感染患者。

综上所述,本文揭示小檗碱不仅能以浓度依赖性方式有效抑制ST3芽囊原虫生长,还能显著改善由虫体引发的宿主细胞炎症因子,提示小檗碱在抗寄生虫药物开发中具有潜在应用价值。未来研究应深入探索其具体分子机制,结合现代药物设计技术,小檗碱的多靶点特性有望为新型抗寄生虫治疗策略的开发提供新思路。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(81260255)

江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ211546)

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