脓毒症线粒体功能障碍:从分子机制到靶向干预
Sepsis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: from molecular mechanisms to targeted interventions
脓毒症是一种严重的全身炎症性疾病,常由感染诱发并迅速累及多个器官,病死率极高。线粒体功能障碍作为疾病的核心机制,通过破坏细胞能量代谢并释放线粒体成分,加剧炎症反应。在脓毒症的病程中,多个器官中的线粒体电子传递链(Electron transport chain,ETC)受到损害,导致氧化磷酸化效率下降与ATP生成障碍,同时氧利用率降低。伴随膜通透性异常增加可导致线粒体损伤相关分子模式(Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns,mtDAMPs)外泄,病原体相关分子模式(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)诱导下游炎症级联反应,从而促进器官功能恶化。本文总结了脓毒症中线粒体病理机制,并评估了多种针对线粒体的靶向抗氧化治疗策略,包括膜电位驱动型小分子、肽类抗氧化剂、纳米载体递送系统及内源抗氧化防御增强剂等。基于临床前与早期临床证据,线粒体靶向抗氧化治疗策略在器官保护方面显示出潜在益处,但其对关键临床终点事件的影响尚需确证性临床验证。
Sepsis is a severe systemic inflammatory condition, typically triggered by infection, that rapidly affects multiple organs and is associated with a high mortality rate. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central pathogenic role by disrupting cellular energy metabolism and releasing mitochondrial components that amplify the inflammatory response. During sepsis progression, the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) in multiple organs becomes impaired, resulting in reduced oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, diminished ATP production, and significantly decreased oxygen utilization. Increased mitochondrial membrane permeability further facilitates the release of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs), while pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) activate immune responses, exacerbating inflammation and organ failure. This review examines the mitochondrial pathophysiology of sepsis and evaluates targeted antioxidant strategies, including membrane potential-dependent small molecules, peptide-based antioxidants, nanoparticle delivery systems, and agents that enhance endogenous antioxidant defenses. Drawing on the latest preclinical and clinical evidences, these approaches show promise in alleviating organ dysfunction. However, its impact on key clinical endpoint events still requires confirmation through clinical validation.
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