基于粪便皮质醇的野化放归大熊猫应激性研究

杨波 ,  严啸 ,  何胜山 ,  牟仕杰 ,  刘晓强 ,  冯高志 ,  周季秋 ,  杨洪 ,  张大磊 ,  吴代福 ,  罗波 ,  周晓

野生动物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2) : 225 -232.

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野生动物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2) : 225 -232. DOI: 10.12375/ysdwxb.202509022
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基于粪便皮质醇的野化放归大熊猫应激性研究

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Stress Response of Wildness Training and Translocation Giant Pandas Based on Fecal Cortisol

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摘要

保护性易位是野生动物保护的重要手段之一,易位过程会给动物带来不同程度的应激压力,可能影响其放归后的健康状态和生存力,在动物保护计划中应充分考虑。大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是生物多样性保护的旗舰物种,其放归工作成效显著,但对野化放归大熊猫的应激性研究鲜有报道。本研究收集了2010—2017年出生的12只圈养大熊猫在不同野化培训阶段和其放归后(其中4只)的粪便样品,以及圈养与野生大熊猫的粪便样品,测定并比较粪便皮质醇水平。结果显示:野化放归大熊猫在培训第二阶段的皮质醇水平显著低于第一阶段,放归后显著低于培训第二阶段,且放归后个体与野生个体无显著差异;此外,野化培训个体的皮质醇水平显著低于圈养个体。结果表明,随着野化培训阶段的递进,大熊猫粪便皮质醇水平逐渐降低并趋近野生个体水平。本研究积累了野化放归大熊猫的基础生理数据,对大熊猫野化放归与迁地保护具有指导意义,建议将粪便皮质醇监测纳入野化放归大熊猫的长期监测工作中。

Abstract

Conservation translocation is one of the important methods for wildlife protection, and the process of translocation could bring different degrees of stress to animals, which might affect the health status and survival of translocated animals after release, which should be fully considered in animal protection programs. The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a flagship species of biodiversity conservation, with remarkable achievements in wildness training and release, but there are few reports on the stress response of wildness training and released giant pandas. In this study, 12 captive giant pandas born between 2010 and 2017 were studied, and fecal samples were collected from them at different training stages and from four of them after release, as well as from captive and wild giant pandas. Fecal cortisol levels from all samples were measured and compared respectively. The results showed that cortisol level of the giant pandas in the se-cond stage of wildness training was significantly lower than that in the first stage, and that after release was also significantly lower than that in the second training stage, and there was no significant difference between the released and wild individuals. In addition, cortisol levels were significantly lower in wildness training individuals than in captive individuals. The results indicated that with the progress of training and release stages, the fecal cortisol concentration of giant pandas in wildness training and translocation program gradually decreased and approached that of wild giant pandas. This study accumulated basic physiological data of wildness training and released giant pandas, which had guiding significance for the translocation and ex-situ conservation of giant pandas. It was suggested that fecal cortisol concentration be included in the long-term monitoring content of giant panda wildness training and release program.

Graphical abstract

关键词

大熊猫 / 野化培训 / 放归 / 应激 / 粪便皮质醇

Key words

Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca / Wildness training / Translocation / Stress response / Fecal cortisol

引用本文

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杨波,严啸,何胜山,牟仕杰,刘晓强,冯高志,周季秋,杨洪,张大磊,吴代福,罗波,周晓. 基于粪便皮质醇的野化放归大熊猫应激性研究[J]. 野生动物学报, 2026, 47(2): 225-232 DOI:10.12375/ysdwxb.202509022

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保护性易位(conservation translocation)是野生动物保护的重要手段之一,其过程通常涉及捕获、饲养、麻醉、体检、运输及环境改变等多个环节,各环节均可能对动物产生不同程度的应激1]9-10。当受到外界刺激后,动物可通过自主神经系统和下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)轴调控多项生理功能和行为表达,以重建机体内环境稳态2-3。若应激源持续存在,可能导致动物陷入长期应激状态,进而产生较高的生理代价甚至直接伤害。因此,应激是影响易位动物健康、行为和认知能力的重要因素4,甚至可能直接决定个体存活率和易位项目的成败5。如何有效降低应激,已成为易位项目放归策略的核心内容之一1]9,19
HPA轴介导的应激反应可促使动物体内糖皮质激素(glucocorticoid)分泌量呈不同程度上升,该激素是评估动物应激反应程度的重要指标。与血液、唾液等样品相比,粪便样品具有非损伤性、易于采集的优势,已被广泛应用于野生动物的应激研究中6-8。已有研究表明,大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)粪便皮质醇(fecal cortisol)水平可在一定程度上反映个体应激状态9-11,并在圈养和野生种群研究中多有应用12-15
我国圈养大熊猫野化放归项目始于2003年,截至目前已在小相岭和岷山山系累计放归个体13只,其中11只在野外存活16,在大型哺乳动物放归实践中存活率处于较高水平。但这并不意味着其面临的应激压力可以忽视。在圈养条件下,人为噪声、高温、转运和麻醉等均可造成大熊猫粪便皮质醇水平升高或行为异常17-18,生理应激(physiological stress)甚至被认为是造成其繁殖力低下的原因之一19-20。此外,不同性别、个体之间对应激的敏感度存在差异,圈养管理需在个体水平上予以关注21。与此同时,野外大熊猫种群仍处于濒危状态,其个体同样可能面临食物短缺、寄生虫感染和人为干扰等压力胁迫22-25。因此,圈养大熊猫在野化培训期间及放归后均可能受到不同程度、多样的应激压力,进而引发心理、生理和行为改变,最终影响野外生存能力。然而,目前野化放归大熊猫粪便皮质醇水平尚未纳入长期监测体系,相关应激研究仍处于初步阶段26,对其在野化培训和放归过程中应激压力的认识尚不深入。
基于此,本研究收集不同野化培训阶段及放归后大熊猫的粪便样品,测定并比较其粪便皮质醇水平;同时以圈养大熊猫和野生大熊猫作为参照,评估野化放归个体的压力水平,旨在为野化放归大熊猫的基础生理研究积累基础数据,并为大熊猫野化放归和迁地保护实践提供科学依据。

1 研究方法

1.1 研究对象与研究地点

研究对象为中国大熊猫保护研究中心2010—2017年出生的12只野化培训大熊猫,个体详细情况见表1。野化培训地位于卧龙国家级自然保护区,放归地为栗子坪国家级自然保护区。野化放归流程:采用“母兽带仔”野化培训方式,受训个体先在面积较小的第一阶段野化培训圈生活,随后转入海拔更高、面积更大且更接近野外的第二阶段野化培训圈,最后放归野外27。各阶段野化培训圈信息见表2

1.2 样品采集

不定期采集野化培训期间和放归后大熊猫的新鲜粪便样品,共计281份(表1)。采样时大熊猫年龄:第一阶段1.2~1.6岁,第二阶段1.2~3.2岁,放归后2.3~4.6岁。圈养亚成体大熊猫粪便样品于2018—2022年采集自中国大熊猫保护研究中心都江堰基地,采样时个体年龄为2.0~3.0岁,每个体采集2~5份,共获得7只(3♀、4 )个体的23份样品。野生大熊猫粪便样品收集于2014—2023年,采样地点为卧龙国家级自然保护区内的核桃坪、天台山和五一棚区域,每个体采集1~3份,共获得36只野生个体的48份样品。

1.3 粪便样品皮质醇水平测定

1.3.1 样品处理

粪便样品采集后立即装入自封袋,当天置于-20 ℃冻存。在每年度采样工作完成后,采用真空冷冻干燥技术将粪便样品冻干至恒质量,经揉碎粉末化处理后,利用孔径0.50 mm(35目)筛网筛取粪便粉末于-75 ℃冻存。

1.3.2 皮质醇提取与测定

称取约0.1 g粪便粉末,采用90%乙醇萃取其中的皮质醇,具体步骤参照唐丹等28的方法。采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay,ELISA)测定激素水平,所用抗体(CORT-R4866)、辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)及标准品等试剂均来源于美国加州大学戴维斯分校人口健康与生殖系临床内分泌学实验室29

1.4 数据处理与统计分析

采用独立样本t检验,分析野化培训大熊猫母幼分离前后3个月内粪便皮质醇水平的差异。采用Mann-Whitney U检验(数据不符合正态分布)或独立样本t检验(数据符合正态分布且方差齐性),分别比较野化放归个体在不同阶段(培训第一阶段、培训第二阶段和放归后)的皮质醇水平差异,以及野化培训个体与圈养个体、放归个体与野生个体间的皮质醇水平差异。为排除年龄干扰,仅分析年龄差不超过5个月的同龄个体,显著水平α = 0.05。所有统计分析及绘图均采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件完成。

2 结果

2.1 母幼分离前后粪便皮质醇水平差异

对2.0~2.7岁的野化放归大熊猫,在母幼分离前后3个月内采集粪便样品测定皮质醇水平。独立样本t检验结果显示,野化培训大熊猫在母幼分离前后的粪便皮质醇水平分别为(239.2 ± 118.6)、(238.2 ± 136.1) ng/g(图1),组间均值差值仅为1.0 ng/g(95% CI:-76.9~74.9 ng/g),二者差异无统计学意义(t = 0.027,P = 0.979)。

2.2 不同阶段野化大熊猫粪便皮质醇水平差异

在控制年龄相近的前提下,Mann-Whitney U检验结果(图2)显示,14~19月龄受训个体在野化培训第一阶段皮质醇水平平均秩次为45.95,第二阶段为22.18,二者差异极显著(U = 85,P < 0.001);28 ~32月龄放归个体皮质醇水平平均秩次为42.73,极显著低于同年龄段个体在培训第二阶段的65.84(U = 733.5,P < 0.001)。

2.3 不同来源大熊猫粪便皮质醇水平差异

Mann-Whitney U检验结果显示(图3),2岁(23 ~25月龄)野化个体在第二阶段的粪便皮质醇平均秩次为19.28,同龄圈养个体为28.60,二者差异显著(U = 89,P = 0.036);3岁(35~37月龄)时,独立样本t检验显示二者差异更为显著(t = 2.638,P = 0.013),野化个体皮质醇水平为(170.2 ± 81.6)ng/g,圈养个体为(249.7 ± 87.6)ng/g,差值为-79.5 ng/g(95% CI:-141.0~-17.9 ng/g)。此外,放归后大熊猫与野生大熊猫之间的粪便皮质醇水平差异无统计学意义(U = 2 423,P = 0.287),二者平均秩次分别为87.02和78.44(图4)。

3 讨论与结论

在自然状态下,动物可受多种应激源刺激,皮质醇水平通常反映其综合压力状态。本研究表明,野化放归大熊猫粪便皮质醇水平随培训阶段递进而逐渐降低,放归后进一步下降至与野生个体无显著差异的水平,且野化培训个体皮质醇水平显著低于圈养个体。这一结果为评估野化放归项目的应激调控效果提供了重要的生理学证据。

3.1 母幼分离未对野化大熊猫造成明显应激

急性应激可造成皮质醇水平短暂升高,当应激源消失后,动物通常能较快恢复至正常水平30。人为让大熊猫母兽从幼仔身边离开可视为对幼仔的一种急性应激,这种人工分离如果发生过早,可能使幼仔出现皮质醇水平升高、体质量下降和肠道菌群失调等情况31-32,并可能影响其身心健康和行为发育33。在本研究中,对2.0~2.7岁野化培训大熊猫实施人工母幼分离,其分离前后皮质醇水平无显著差异(P = 0.979),表明该分离节点未对个体造成明显应激刺激。该年龄段与野生大熊猫幼仔脱离母兽的时间相近,此时幼仔已具备独立生存能力,对母兽依赖程度显著降低,因此人工干预的应激影响极小。

3.2 不同阶段野化放归大熊猫应激水平呈梯度下降

年龄是影响动物皮质醇水平的重要因素之一,面对相同环境变化,低龄个体通常表现出更强的应激反应34-36,大熊猫也存在此规律2837。为排除年龄因素的干扰,本研究仅对年龄相近的个体在不同培训阶段的皮质醇水平进行比较。结果表明,野化放归后个体粪便皮质醇水平显著低于野化培训第二阶段,而第二阶段又显著低于第一阶段(P < 0.001)。此外,处于野化培训中的大熊猫应激水平显著低于圈养个体(P < 0.05),这与毕温磊等37的研究结果类似。从野化培训第一阶段、第二阶段到放归后,大熊猫应激水平呈动态变化,表明生活环境改变是造成其长期应激水平差异的主要原因。

3.3 野化培训环境有效缓解个体应激

本研究中,野化培训大熊猫的皮质醇水平显著低于同龄圈养个体(2岁龄,P = 0.036;3岁龄,P = 0.013)。圈养环境可能对大熊猫产生更显著的长期慢性应激,这与圈养环境的局限性及行为限制密切相关。首先,活动空间受限。野生大熊猫的活动范围通常为3.9~6.2 km2(卧龙国家级自然保护区)或3.3 ~28.9 km2(长青国家级自然保护区)38;而圈养环境的外运动场面积通常仅为100~200 m2[39,难以支持其自然行为的充分表达。其次,环境结构单一。圈养条件下隐蔽条件不足、食物供给模式固定,缺少野外取食的挑战性和多样性。此外,圈养大熊猫还时常面临游客参观、体检医疗等人类活动干扰。以上因素均可使圈养个体皮质醇水平在长期或短期内维持较高水平1740。相比之下,野化培训圈(第二阶段面积可达40 000~480 000 m2)提供了更接近野外的活动空间、更自然的取食模式及更低的人为干扰,显著缓解了野化受训个体的应激反应。

3.4 大熊猫放归后个体应激水平降低并趋近野生状态

不同物种放归前后的应激水平存在差异。部分动物放归后应激水平升高,可能与野外捕食压力大41、营养质量下降7或多因素综合作用有关42-43。另有研究则显示相反趋势,如放归普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)应激水平低于圈养个体44。亦有研究并未观察到放归对动物粪便皮质醇水平的长期影响45。圈养动物放归初期常经历环境突变引发的急性应激,随后通过自身调节逐步恢复内环境稳态,该恢复能力存在种间差异46。对欧洲地松鼠(Spermophilus citellus)的研究表明,其放归后粪便皮质醇代谢物浓度先升高后快速下降,降至放归前水平后仍持续降低47。对大熊猫而言,放归初期个体活动量较低,提示存在应激性活动抑制,随后活动量逐渐回升48。本研究结果显示,放归后大熊猫应激水平低于野化培训第二阶段,推测主要与环境压力降低有关。监测表明,“淘淘”和“张想”分别于放归后22、14个月建立家域,95%家域面积分别为1 499、954 hm2[49,远大于野化培训圈面积。更大的活动范围为个体提供了更丰富的食物资源和更广阔的选择空间,有助于其规避种内竞争与人为干扰。加之放归地通常选择竹子资源丰富、野生种群密度低和周边社区支持力度高的区域,这些因素共同构成了较低的环境压力,有助于放归个体快速适应野外环境,提高生存率。

本研究还发现,放归后大熊猫粪便皮质醇水平与野生个体无显著差异(P = 0.287),表明其在资源利用、领域竞争和环境挑战应对等方面的压力状态已与野生个体相近。前期研究证实,为圈养大熊猫提供适宜环境条件,可使其活动模式50、肠道菌群51和免疫力52等逐渐接近野生水平。本研究从生理应激角度得出类似结果,表明野化培训可有效促使大熊猫生理机能逐步向自然状态过渡,避免因环境剧变引发生理应激紊乱。

3.5 研究意义与展望

粪便皮质醇作为评估动物应激状态的有效指标,其在大型濒危野生动物放归监测中的价值已得到广泛认可。该指标已成功应用于细纹野马(Equus grevyi)从捕获、易地圈养到放归后的长期监测中53。基于本研究结果,建议将粪便皮质醇监测纳入大熊猫野化放归常规工作体系,作为评估放归个体野外适应能力的核心生理指标之一,为放归时机选择、个体筛选和放归效果评估提供科学依据。

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