北京市门头沟区七种兽类种群密度研究
Population Densities of Seven Terrestrial Mammal Species in Mentougou District, Beijing
野生动物种群动态是种群生态学的核心研究内容,也是物种保护管理工作的重要基础。北京市门头沟区是北京西部重要的生态屏障,承载着区域生物多样性保育的关键功能。本研究基于2022—2023年红外相机监测数据,运用随机相遇模型(random encounter model,REM)对门头沟区7种野生兽类开展种群密度估算,并分析其年度变化趋势及潜在影响因素。结果显示:狍(Capreolus pygargus)、中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)、野猪(Sus scrofa)和猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)种群密度均呈上升趋势,增幅依次为24.4%、7.4%、34.6%和23.1%,其中野猪增长最快(由2.83只/km²升至3.81只/km²),中华斑羚增长最为平缓(由2.17只/km²升至2.33只/km²);豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)小幅下降(由3.41只/km2降至3.25只/km2);亚洲狗獾(Meles leucurus)降幅最大,达35.4%(由19.31只/km2降至12.47只/km2);赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)2022年有效监测数据不足, 2023年种群密度为1.03只/km2,处于低密度水平。种群增长物种可能与区域退耕还林、封山育林等生态修复工程驱动的栖息地质量改善密切相关;亚洲狗獾的大幅衰退可能归因于2023年7月特大暴雨洪涝灾害导致的洞穴损毁与食物资源骤减;豹猫小幅下降和赤狐极低密度则反映出中型食肉动物对栖息地连通性降低和人为干扰加剧响应更为敏感。研究结果可为门头沟区生态修复成效评估及野生动物栖息地管护提供基准数据和科学支撑。
Wildlife population dynamics constitute a core focus of population ecology, and quantifying wildlife population density provides an essential foundation for species conservation and management. As a critical ecological barrier in western Beijing, Mentougou District plays a key role in regional biodiversity conservation. Based on infrared camera monitoring data collected from 2022 to 2023, this study used the random encounter model (REM) to estimate the population densities of seven wild mammal species in Mentougou District, and analyzed their interannual trends and potential influencing factors. The results showed that Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and hog badger (Arctonyx collaris) all exhibited increasing population density trends, with growth rates of 24.4%, 7.4%, 34.6% and 23.1%, respectively. Specifically, wild boar showed the fastest growth, rising from 2.83 to 3.81 individuals/km2, while Chinese goral had the mildest increase, from 2.17 to 2.33 individuals/km2. Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) experienced a slight decline from 3.41 to 3.25 individuals/km2. Asian badger (Meles leucurus) showed the largest decline of 35.4%, dropping from 19.31 to 12.47 individuals/km2. Insufficient valid monitoring data were available for red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in 2022 to support reliable population density estimation; its density reached 1.03 individuals/km2 in 2023, remaining at a low population level. Population increases of these species are closely associated with improved habitat quality driven by regional ecological restoration initiatives, such as the Grain-for-Green Program and hillside closure for forest regeneration. The sharp decline in Asian badger density can be attributed to burrow destruction and a drastic reduction in food resources triggered by the extreme rainstorm and flood disaster in July 2023. The slight decline in leopard cat density and the extremely low density of red foxes indicate that medium-sized carnivores show heightened sensitivity to reduced habitat connectivity and intensified human disturbance. These findings provide baseline data and scientific support for evaluating ecological restoration effectiveness, as well as for wildlife conservation and habitat management in Mentougou District, Beijing.
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(32171653)
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