基于生物基阻燃剂剖析高分子材料阻燃技术的研究进展

Analysis of the research progress of flame retardant technology for polymer materials based on bio-based flame retardants

摘要

生物基阻燃剂因其绿色可再生特性成为高分子材料阻燃领域的研究热点。本文综述了壳聚糖、木质素等生物基阻燃剂在聚乳酸、环氧树脂等基体中的应用进展，揭示了其通过催化成炭、自由基捕获等机制提升材料阻燃性能的作用机理。与传统阻燃剂相比，生物基阻燃剂虽存在添加量较大（20%-30%）、热稳定性不足（分解温度<300℃）等缺点，但具有低毒（LD₅₀>5000mg/kg）、可降解（28天降解率>80%）等显著优势。通过磷-氮协同、纳米复合及表面改性等策略，可将其LOI提升至25%-32%，达到商用要求。未来需通过分子设计、多尺度复合及绿色工艺优化，解决成本与性能瓶颈，推动其在包装、电子等领域的产业化应用。

Abstract

Bio-based flame retardants have become a research hotspot in the field of flame retardancy of polymer materials due to their green and renewable characteristics. This paper reviews the application progress of bio-based flame retardants such as chitosan and lignin in matrices such as polylactic acid and epoxy resin, and reveals the mechanism by which they enhance the flame retardant performance of materials through catalytic carbonization, free radical capture and other mechanisms. Compared with traditional flame retardants, although bio-based flame retardants have disadvantages such as larger addition amounts (20%-30%) and insufficient thermal stability (decomposition temperature < 300℃ ), they have significant advantages such as low toxicity (LD₅₀ > 5000mg/kg) and degradability (degradation rate > 80% within 28 days). Through strategies such as phosphorus-nitrogen synergy, nanocomposites and surface modification, its LOI can be increased to 25%-32%, meeting commercial requirements. In the future, it is necessary to solve the cost and performance bottlenecks through molecular design, multi-scale composites and green process optimization, and promote its industrial application in packaging, electronics and other fields.

关键词

生物基阻燃剂 / 高分子材料 / 阻燃技术 / 环保材料 / 协同阻燃 / 可持续发展

Key words

Bio-based flame retardant / Polymer materials / Flame retardant technology / Environmentally friendly materials / Synergistic flame retardancy / Sustainable development

参考文献

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[2] 董玉华, 等. 《丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石阻燃聚丙烯的协同机制》. 《功能材料》, 2021, 52(2), 214-220.

[3] 赵明辉等. 《纳米羟基磷灰石/碳纤维协同增强PP的性能研究》. 《中国塑料》, 2021, 35(7):56-62.