残余应力的机理及数学表征

Mechanism and mathematical characterization of residual stress

摘要

残余应力广泛存在于航空、机械等领域。残余应力释放产生的变形，造成零部件生产加工困难而报废；残余应力与载荷应力的叠加严重影响零部件的承载能力。现行的弹性力学理论基于理想弹性体假定，理想弹性不存在残余应力。针对这个现状，文章通过一个光弹性实验，提出残余应力产生的机里是实际物体存在一个固有的特征场，它涵盖了实际物体的全部内部缺陷。文章将固有的特征场取名内禀场，介绍了内禀场的特征，建立了内禀场力学方程，提出了通过残余应力计算内禀场的思路，以及内禀场弹性力学的应用前景。内禀场力学将基于理想弹性体的弹性力学推广到具有残余应力的实际物体，能够解决加工变形、提升零件和部件的品质，推动整个工业领域的发展。

Abstract

Residual stress widely exists in the parts of the whole industrial field, such as aviation, aerospace, electronics, chemical industry, medical equipment, automobile, machinery and so on. The deformation caused by residual stress release makes it difficult to produce and process parts and components, resulting in the scrapping of parts and components in use due to deformation. The superposition of residual stress and load stress seriously affects the bearing capacity of parts. The current theory of elasticity is based on the assumption of ideal elastic body. There is no residual stress in ideal elasticity. Some scholars deal with the problem of residual stress by means of virtual temperature stress, but there are theoretical and practical difficulties. In view of this situation, through a photoelastic experiment, this paper proposes that the mechanism of residual stress is that the actual object has an inherent characteristic field, which covers all the internal defects of the actual object. In this paper, the intrinsic characteristic field is named intrinsic field, the characteristics of intrinsic field are introduced, and the elasticity equation of intrinsic field is established. In this paper, the intrinsic characteristic field is named intrinsic field, the characteristics of intrinsic field are introduced, the equation of intrinsic field elasticity is established, the idea of calculating intrinsic field through residual stress is proposed, and the application prospect of intrinsic field elasticity is proposed. Intrinsic field elasticity extends the elasticity based on ideal elastomer to the actual object with residual stress, which can improve the mechanical calculation accuracy of parts and components with residual stress, solve processing deformation, improve the quality of parts and components, and promote the development of the whole industrial field.

关键词

残余应力 / 加工变形 / 弹性力学 / 理想弹性体 / 内禀场弹性力学 / 内禀场

Key words

residual stress / processing deformation / elasticity / ideal elastomer / intrinsic field elasticity / intrinsic field

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