微辐射检测技术在核电建造中的研究与应用

Research and Application of Micro-radiation Detection Technology in Nuclear Power Plant Construction

摘要

射线检测作为核电建造工程无损检测的重要技术手段，采用常规射线检测存在辐射扩散范围广、安全隔离距离大、现场停工清场范围广等缺陷，极易干扰多工种并行施工，严重制约工程建设进度与现场作业效率，微辐射检测属于新型窄束可控辐射检测工艺，通过设备密闭屏蔽结构、高精度准直限束设计、工件背部屏蔽防护及全域柔性包覆等多重防护手段，极大压缩辐射扩散范围，将原有数十米的安全管控距离缩减至1~3米，有效实现探伤作业与焊接、土建、设备安装等工序同步开展。本文系统阐述微辐射检测技术的核心原理、设备体系与检测工艺，结合核电建造特点，分析该技术在核电领域中的应用优势与要点，为核电建造无损检测提质增效提供技术支撑。

Abstract

Radiographic testing (RT), as a crucial non-destructive testing (NDT) technique in nuclear power plant construction projects, has limitations when employing conventional RT methods—such as extensive radiation diffusion ranges, large required safety isolation distances, and wide areas requiring on-site work suspension and cleanup—which can easily interfere with concurrent operations across multiple trades, severely hindering both project progress and on-site operational efficiency. Micro-radiation testing is a novel narrow-beam controllable radiation testing process that employs multiple protective measures—including sealed shielding structures for equipment, high-precision collimation and beam-limiting designs, back-shielding protection for workpieces, and comprehensive flexible encapsulation—to significantly reduce the radiation diffusion range, shrinking the original safety control distance of dozens of meters to only 1-3 meters; this enables the simultaneous execution of flaw detection operations alongside welding, civil engineering, and equipment installation processes. This paper systematically elaborates on the core principles, equipment systems, and testing procedures of micro-radiation testing technology, analyzes its application advantages and key considerations within the context of nuclear power plant construction, and provides technical support for enhancing the quality and efficiency of NDT in nuclear power plant construction.

关键词

核电建造 / 微辐射检测 / 无损检测 / 焊缝检测 / 辐射防护 / 高屏蔽定向准直器

Key words

nuclear power plant construction / micro-radiation detection / non-destructive testing / weld seam inspection / radiation protection / high-shielding collimator

参考文献

[1] 国家卫生健康委员会. GBZ 117-2022 工业探伤放射防护标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2022.

[2] 国家能源局. NB/T 47013-2015 承压设备无损检测[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2015.

[3] 李刚, 王强. γ射线微辐射探伤技术在石化工程中的应用研究[J]. 无损探伤, 2021, 45(03):45-48.

[4] 张磊, 刘军. 窄束屏蔽γ探伤技术的辐射场仿真与优化[J]. 工业安全与环保, 2022, 48(06):89-92.

[5] 陈宇. 微辐射可控γ探伤工艺在船舶狭小空间的应用[J]. 船舶工程, 2023, 45(02):112-115.

[6] 王浩, 周明. 工业γ射线探伤屏蔽技术研究进展[J]. 无损检测, 2020, 42(08):78-82.