新业态灵活就业者社会保障研究评述：演进脉络、核心议题与未来展望

Review of Research on Social Security for New Forms of Flexible Employment: Evolutionary Context, Core Issues and Future Prospects

摘要

本文系统梳理2019年至2025年国内新业态灵活就业者社会保障领域核心文献。研究表明，该领域研究形成清晰演进脉络，由早期劳动关系认定困境与权益缺失的现象描述，逐步深入传统单雇主社保模式与无雇主新业态的结构性矛盾分析，最终转向以职业伤害保障为突破口的分类施策与制度创新探索。研究围绕三大核心议题展开学术争鸣，劳动关系认定的司法困境推动身份险向行为险的范式转变，社会保险参保悖论揭示制度性排斥与劳动者自我排斥的叠加效应，职业伤害保障缺失成为政策创新先行领域，相关试点实践由地方探索迈向十五五全国统一制度构建。未来研究需在精细化分层保障、成本转嫁监测与利益平衡、养老医疗保障模式创新及法律体系协同重构等方向深化，助力构建适配中国式现代化、兼具包容性与可持续性的社会保障安全网。

Abstract

This article systematically reviews the core literature on the social security of new forms of flexible employment in China from 2019 to 2025. The research shows that the field has developed a clear evolutionary trajectory, starting from the description of the early phenomena of labor relationship recognition difficulties and rights deficiencies, gradually delving into the analysis of the structural contradictions between the traditional single-employer social security model and the new forms of employment without employers, and ultimately focusing on the exploration of classified policies and institutional innovations with occupational injury protection as the breakthrough point. The research has centered around three core issues for academic debate. The judicial predicament in labor relationship recognition has driven the paradigm shift from identity-based insurance to behavior-based insurance. The paradox of social insurance participation has revealed the combined effect of institutional exclusion and self-exclusion by workers. The lack of occupational injury protection has become the pioneering area for policy innovation, with related pilot practices evolving from local explorations to the construction of a unified national system by the 15th Five-Year Plan. Future research should deepen in areas such as refined stratified protection, monitoring of cost shifting and interest balance, innovation in pension and medical security models, and the coordinated reconstruction of the legal system, to help build a social security safety net that is compatible with Chinese modernization and is both inclusive and sustainable.

关键词

新业态灵活就业 / 社会保障 / 职业伤害保障 / 劳动关系

Key words

New forms of flexible employment / Social security / Occupational injury protection / Labor relations

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基金资助

2025年河北金融学院大学生创新创业训练计划项目资助课题“基于新业态灵活就业人员保险保障研究———以外卖员为例”(202511420012)