金属结构无损探伤检测中射线与超声技术的对比分析

Comparative analysis of X-ray and ultrasonic techniques in non-destructive testing of metal structures

摘要

无损检测技术在保障金属结构安全性与可靠性方面发挥着关键作用。本文以射线检测与超声检测为研究对象，从原理、特点、应用等方面进行了系统的对比分析。深入探讨了X射线与γ射线成像机理、数字射线技术的优势，以及超声波在金属中的传播特性与相控阵、全聚焦成像等新兴超声技术，并重点评估了两种技术在金属缺陷检出能力、精度分辨率、检测效率与环境适应性等关键指标上的差异。本文的研究结果可为工程实践中无损检测技术的合理选用提供理论参考。

Abstract

Non-destructive testing technology plays a key role in ensuring the safety and reliability of metal structures. In this paper, radiographic testing and ultrasonic testing are taken as the research objects, and a systematic comparative analysis is carried out from the aspects of principle, characteristics and application. The advantages of X-ray and γ-ray imaging mechanism, digital ray technology, and the propagation characteristics of ultrasonic waves in metals and emerging ultrasound technologies such as phased array and total focus imaging are discussed in depth, and the differences between the two technologies in key indicators such as metal defect detection ability, precision resolution, detection efficiency and environmental adaptability are emphatically evaluated. The research results of this paper can provide a theoretical reference for the rational selection of nondestructive testing technology in engineering practice.

关键词

无损检测 / 射线检测 / 超声检测 / 金属缺陷 / 对比分析

Key words

non-destructive testing / radiographic inspection / ultrasonic testing / metal defects / Comparative analysis

参考文献

[1] 杨震樱. 超声无损检测技术在装配式混凝土建筑中的应用[J]. 中国厨卫, 2025, 24(1): 267-269.

[2] 张瑾, 李洁, 魏子璇, 王晓璐, 张莉. GFRP损伤X射线和超声无损检测的融合方法[J]. 电子测量与仪器学报, 2024, 38(8): 169-177.

[3] 张志刚, 张岩, 吴文平, 马贵荣. 基于X射线数字成像的GIS设备缺陷无损检测方法[J]. 计算机测量与控制, 2024, 32(6): 35-41.