混流式发电机组机械故障机理分析

Mechanism Analysis of Mechanical Faults in Francis Turbine Generating Units

摘要

混流式水轮发电机组作为水电行业的核心设备，约占全球水轮发电机组总装机容量的60%以上，承担着电力供应任务及电网调峰、调频和应急备用等功能，随着电力系统对灵活性和可靠性要求的不断提高，频繁启停和负荷调节对机组的机械可靠性提出了更高的挑战。机械故障占机组总故障的40%-50%，会引发一系列连锁反应，造成重大设备损坏和人员伤亡事故。本文全面剖析机组各系统故障机理，分别研究转子、轴承、转轮及辅助系统的典型故障，总结其诱因、运行特征及危害，为故障诊断与安全运维提供理论支撑。

Abstract

As core equipment in the hydropower industry, Francis turbine generating units account for more than 60% of the total installed capacity of global hydropower generating units, and undertake the tasks of power supply as well as functions including peak shaving, frequency regulation and emergency standby for power grids. With the continuous improvement of power system requirements for flexibility and reliability, frequent start-stop operations and load regulation pose higher challenges to the mechanical reliability of units. Mechanical faults account for 40%-50% of all faults of the units, and can trigger a series of chain reactions, resulting in major equipment damage and casualties. This paper comprehensively analyzes the fault mechanism of each major system of the unit, investigates the typical faults of the rotor, bearing, runner and auxiliary systems respectively, and summarizes the inducing factors, operation characteristics and hazards of the faults, so as to provide theoretical support for fault diagnosis and safe operation and maintenance of the units.

关键词

混流式发电机组 / 机械故障 / 故障机理

Key words

francis turbine generating unit / mechanical fault / fault mechanism

参考文献

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[2] 陈启卷， 南海鹏. 水电机组状态监测与故障诊断[M]. 北京： 中国水利水电出版社, 2025.

[3] 冯雁敏， 常洪军， 张恩博. 混流式水轮发电机组振动故障机理及稳定性试验研究[J]. 水电能源科学, 2016, 34(7): 178-182.