基于废润滑油 / 重质油 / 沥青的碳纳米材料绿色提取工艺及性能研究

Research on Green Extraction Process and Performance of Carbon Nanomaterials from Waste Lubricating Oil/Heavy Oil/Asphalt

摘要

针对传统碳纳米材料制备方法成本高、能耗大、工艺复杂等问题，本文提出了一种以废润滑油、重质油或沥青为原料，通过膜法过滤结合溶剂萃取提取碳纳米材料的绿色工艺。系统考察了预处理、操作温度（≤120℃）、压力（0.2-1.0 MPa）及膜材料选择等关键工艺参数对分离效果的影响。结果表明，该工艺能成功提取尺寸范围为0.7-50 nm的碳纳米材料，并实现按尺寸分级，产品纯度高达99.0%。其中，以石油沥青为原料的碳纳米材料收率最高，可达2.2-3.5%。与传统石墨电弧法、化学气相沉积法等相比，本方法具有原料成本低廉、工艺流程简单、操作条件温和、能耗低以及环境友好等显著优势。所获碳纳米材料形貌规整、比表面积高，在能源存储、环境修复及复合材料等领域展现出良好应用潜力。本研究为碳纳米材料的低成本绿色制备及含碳废料/重质资源的高值化利用提供了新途径。

Abstract

In response to the issues of high cost, significant energy consumption, and complex processes associated with traditional carbon nanomaterial preparation methods, this paper proposes a green process for extracting carbon nanomaterials from waste lubricating oil, heavy oil, or asphalt through membrane filtration combined with solvent extraction. The effects of key process parameters—including pretreatment, operating temperature ( ≤ 120℃), pressure (0.2-1.0 MPa), and membrane material selection—on separation efficiency were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that this process successfully extracts carbon nanomaterials with a size range of 0.7-50 nm and achieves size-based classification, with product purity as high as 99.0%. Among the tested feedstocks, petroleum asphalt yielded the highest carbon nanomaterial recovery rate, reaching 2.2-3.5%. Compared with conventional methods such as graphite arc discharge and chemical vapor deposition, the proposed approach offers significant advantages, including low raw material cost, simple process flow, mild operating conditions, low energy consumption, and environmental friendliness. The obtained carbon nanomaterials exhibit well-defined morphology and high specific surface area, demonstrating promising application potential in fields such as energy storage, environmental remediation, and composite materials. This study provides a new pathway for the low-cost, green preparation of carbon nanomaterials and the high-value utilization of carbon-containing waste and heavy resources.

关键词

碳纳米材料 / 废润滑油 / 重质油 / 沥青 / 膜分离 / 溶剂萃取 / 资源化利用

Key words

carbon nanomaterials / waste lubricating oil / heavy oil / asphalt / membrane separation / solvent extraction / resource utilization

参考文献

[1] Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon[J]. Nature, 1991, 354(6348): 56-58.

[2] Ebbesen T W, Ajayan P M. Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes[J]. Nature, 1992, 358(6383): 220-222.

[3] Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, et al. Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes[J]. Science, 1996, 273(5274): 483-487.

[4] Guo T, Nikolaev P, Thess A, et al. Catalytic growth of single-walled nanotubes by laser vaporization[J]. Chemical Physics Letters, 1995, 243(1-2): 49-54.

[5] 张立德, 牟季美. 纳米材料和纳米结构[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2001.

[6] 柴永明, 刘宾, 张忠东, 等. 废润滑油再生技术现状及发展趋势分析[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2457-2470.

[7] 赵锁奇, 孙学文, 许志明, 等. 一种重质油加工的组合工艺:CN102807892A[P]. 2012-12-05.

[8] Wang Y, Pan Z, He Y, et al. Sustainable synthesis of carbon nanomaterials from asphalt and their application in supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434: 140123.

[9] 山东英可利新材料技术有限公司.一种从废润滑油、 重质油或沥青中提取碳纳米材料的方法: 中国, CN113088324B[P]. 2023-04- 07.

[10] Wang Y, Pan Z, He Y, et al. Sustainable synthesis of carbon nanomaterials from asphalt and their application in supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434: 140123.

[11] Sevilla M, Mokaya R. Energy storage applications of activated carbons: supercapacitors and hydrogen storage[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2014, 7(4): 1250-1280.

[12] 柴永明. 废润滑油全加氢净化绿色再生技术[J]. 化工科技, 2025.