This study focuses on the impact of Fe2+ on RP4 plasmid-mediated conjugative transfer in simulated aquatic environments and its underlying mechanisms. The effects of Fe2+ on oxidative stress, membrane permeability, and ATP synthesis in donor, and recipient cells were analyzed. The results show that Fe2+ inhibits the activity of Escherichia coli in the simulated aquatic environment, with the degree of inhibition being positively correlated with Fe2+ concentration. When the concentration of Fe²⁺(ρ(Fe²⁺)) was 0.64 mg/L, Fe2+ promoted a 48% increase in the frequency of antibiotic resistance gene(ARG) conjugative transfer, while higher concentrations of Fe²⁺ significantly inhibited this process in a concentration-dependent manner. At ρ(Fe²⁺)= 0.64 mg/L, Fe2+ enhanced the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and related enzymes, increased membrane permeability and cell contact frequency, and promoted ATP synthesis, thereby accelerating the occurrence of conjugative transfer. This research reveals the patterns and mechanisms by which Fe2+ promotes the horizontal transfer of ARGs in aquatic environments, providing theoretical support for environmental risk assessment and management of ARGs.
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