纳米技术在感音神经性耳聋治疗中的应用研究进展

Research progress on the application of nanotechnology in the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss

摘要

感音神经性耳聋是全球重大公共卫生问题，对患者生理、心理及生活质量造成严重影响。由于内耳毛细胞损伤、螺旋神经元退变及血-迷路屏障的存在，其临床治疗手段有限。随着纳米技术在生物医学领域的快速发展，凭借其尺度调控、靶向性与多功能性，纳米技术展现出突破血-迷路屏障的能力，在内耳精准诊疗方面具有独特优势，为实现精准治疗提供了新路径，已成为耳聋治疗领域的研究热点。文章系统综述了纳米技术在感音神经性耳聋治疗中的核心应用领域及研究进展，包括纳米载体药物递送、耳蜗毛细胞再生及保护、仿生纳米听觉器件等，并分析了当前技术面临的挑战与未来发展趋势，旨在为纳米技术在感音神经性耳聋诊疗中的应用提供理论参考，并为临床转化提供思路。

Abstract

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) represents a major global public health issue, profoundly affecting patients' physical and psychological well-being as well as their quality of life. Therapeutic options for SNHL remain limited due to irreversible damage to cochlear hair cells, degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons, and the restrictive nature of the blood–labyrinth barrier (BLB). The rapid advancement of nanotechnology in biomedical fields, characterized by its tunable particle size, active targeting capability, and multifunctionality, has demonstrated promising potential to overcome the BLB and achieve precise diagnosis and targeted therapy of inner ear disorders. As a result, nanotechnology has emerged as a research hotspot in the field of hearing loss treatment, offering a novel strategy for precision medicine. This review systematically summarizes the core applications and recent progress of nanotechnology in the treatment of SNHL, including three major directions: nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery, protection and regeneration of cochlear hair cells, and bionic nano-based auditory devices. Additionally, current challenges and future development trends of these technologies are discussed. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of SNHL and to offer insights for its clinical translation.

关键词

纳米技术 / 感音神经性耳聋 / 药物递送 / 毛细胞 / 仿生

Key words

Nanotechnology / Sensorineural hearing loss / Drug delivery / Hair cells / Bionics

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基金资助

天津市科技计划项目(25KPXCRC00190)

天津医科大学附属天津市第四中心医院2023年度优秀青年人才培养基金(tjdszxyy20230017)