癌胚抗原电化学免疫传感中功能纳米材料的设计策略与临床转化研究进展

Research progress on design strategies and clinical translation of functional nanomaterials in electrochemical immunosensing for carcinoembryonic antigen

摘要

相对于常规临床检测技术，电化学法检测肿瘤标志物具有准确、快速与及时的优势，可为相关疾病提供早期预警。电化学免疫传感器的性能受多重因素影响，纳米材料的选择对其性能尤为关键。文章以癌胚抗原为目标物，围绕电化学免疫传感器设计制备的一般规律，在文献可视化分析的基础上，揭示研究热点与演进趋势，阐述线性扫描伏安法、循环伏安法、方波伏安法等电化学检测原理。针对贵金属、过渡金属与碳基材料三种代表性纳米材料，系统剖析构效关系，全面分析其在电化学免疫传感器设计中的应用情况。结果表明，多元复合材料凭借各组分的协同效应，可有效整合导电性与催化活性等优势，是突破灵敏度瓶颈的重要路径。此外，将丝网印刷电极与微流控技术相结合，逐步实现传感器制备的标准化，是缩小实验室研究与临床转化之间差距的突破口，这一技术路径通过电极批量制备与微量样本自动处理，可降低检测成本与操作误差，有望为高灵敏、低成本癌胚抗原即时检测器件的开发提供有益借鉴。

Abstract

Compared with conventional clinical testing techniques, electrochemical detection of tumor markers offers distinct advantages in accuracy, rapid response, and real-time monitoring, providing early warning for related diseases. The performance of electrochemical immunosensors is governed by multiple factors, among which the selection of nanomaterials is particularly critical. This review focuses on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as the target analyte and addresses the general principles of electrochemical immunosensor design and fabrication. Based on a bibliometric visualization analysis, research hotspots and evolutionary trends are revealed, and electrochemical detection principles of linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and square wave voltammetry are described. Three representative nanomaterials-noble metals, transition metal compounds, and carbon-based materials-are systematically analyzed in terms of their structure–activity relationships and applications in immunosensor design. The results indicate that multi-component composites, leveraging synergistic effects among constituents, can effectively integrate conductivity and catalytic activity, representing a key route to overcome the sensitivity bottleneck. Furthermore, the combination of screen-printed electrodes with microfluidic technology facilitates the gradual standardization of sensor fabrication, serving as a pivotal approach to bridge the gap between laboratory research and clinical translation. This technical pathway, characterized by batch electrode fabrication and automated micro-sample processing, can reduce detection costs and operational errors, and is expected to provide useful insights for developing highly sensitive and low-cost point-of-care CEA detection devices.

关键词

纳米材料 / 电化学 / 免疫传感器 / 癌胚抗原

Key words

Nanomaterials / Electrochemistry / Immunosensors / Carcinoembryonic antigen

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基金资助

山西省基础研究计划项目(202503021211202)

江苏高校青蓝工程中青年学术带头人培养对象(苏教师函〔2025〕16号)

南京医科大学康达学院“聚贤计划”(KD2024JXJH003)