柘树果实主要性状指标比较分析

Comparative Analysis of Main Traits Indicators in Cudrania tricuspidata Fruits

摘要

旨在探究柘树果实主要性状指标特性，筛选出特殊用途的新品系。以5份柘树优系成熟果实为材料，测定了果实的44项主要性状指标，然后运用显著性、相关性、主成分和聚类等方法进行分析评价。结果表明，大多数指标在不同柘树优系果实间存在显著性差异。CZ1果大色艳，含糖量最高，质地最硬，但功能性成分含量较低；Zn、Cu和Se含量较高，Mn和Na等含量较低；满足高甜度、高硬度的需求，可作为鲜食与酿酒品种。CZ2果较小，种子最少，含糖量和硬度较低；花色苷含量较高，但游离氨基酸、N、P、K、S、B、Mo、Na、Fe等含量较低；满足种子少和高花色苷的需求，可作为鲜食品种。CZ3果中等，种子最多，SSC含量和Se含量最低，但功能性成分、Al、Fe、S等含量较高；满足高蛋白、总酚和黄酮的需求，可作为功能型开发品种。CZ4果大子多，中糖，游离氨基酸和花色苷含量最高，可溶性蛋白、总酚、N、K、P、S和Mn等含量较高；满足高总酚、游离氨基酸和花色苷的需求，可作为功能型开发品种。CZ5果中等，千粒质量、硬度、VC和花色苷最低，但Ca、B、Na和类胡萝卜素含量最高且可溶性果胶含量高；满足高类胡萝卜素和可溶性果胶的需求，可作为功能型开发品种。相关性分析表明指标间存在相关性，其中81对指标间呈显著相关（ P＜0.05），127对指标间呈极显著相关（ P＜0.01）。主成分分析共提取了7个主成分，累积方差贡献率高达93.320%。主成分评价结果显示CZ4、CZ3质量较好，而CZ5、CZ1和CZ2相对较差。聚类分析可以将5个柘果优系聚为3类，该结果基本与主成分分析结果一致。综上可知，5份柘果优系质量各有特色，果实间存在一定差异。基于本试验条件下，CZ4、CZ3综合质量较好，CZ5、CZ1和CZ2相对较差。其中CZ1可作为鲜食与酿酒用途品种，CZ2可作为鲜食品种，CZ3、CZ4和CZ5可作为功能型开发品种。从柘果中平均硒含量来看，柘果可以说是一种硒含量较高的水果。

Abstract

This study aims to explore the characteristics of main trait indicators in Cudrania tricuspidata fruits and screen new lines for specific applications. We use mature fruits from five superior Cudrania tricuspidata lines as materials, measure 44 main fruits indicators, and then perform analysis and evaluation using significance tests, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The results show that most indicators exhibit significant differences among the superior Cudrania tricuspidata lines. CZ1 has large and bright-colored fruits, the highest sugar content, and the firmest texture, but contains relatively low functional components. It shows high contents of Zn, Cu, and Se, and low contents of Mn and Na. It meets the requirements of high sweetness and firmness and can serve as a cultivar for fresh consumption and winemaking. CZ2 has small fruits, the fewest seeds, and low sugar content and firmness. It shows a high anthocyanin content, but low contents of free amino acids, N, P, K, S, B, Mo, Na, and Fe. It meets the requirements of few seeds and high anthocyanins and can serve as a fresh-eaten cultivar. CZ3 has medium-sized fruits, the most seeds, and the lowest SSC and Se contents, but high contents of functional components, Al, Fe, and S. It meets the requirements of high protein, total phenols, and flavonoids and can serve as a cultivar for functional product development. CZ4 has large fruits and many seeds, with a medium sugar content, and the highest contents of free amino acids and anthocyanins. It also shows high contents of soluble protein, total phenols, N, K, P, S, and Mn. It meets the requirements of high total phenols, free amino acids, and anthocyanins and can serve as a cultivar for functional product development. CZ5 has medium-sized fruit, with the lowest thousand-kernel weight, firmness, VC, and anthocyanin content, but the highest contents of Ca, B Na and carotenoids, as well as high contents of soluble pectin. It meets the requirements of high carotenoids and soluble pectin and can serve as a cultivar for functional product development. Correlation analysis shows that there are associations among the indicators, with 81 pairs showing significant correlations ( P<0.05) and 127 pairs highly significant ( P<0.01). PCA extracts seven principal components with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 93.320%. The principal component evaluation results show that CZ4 and CZ3 have good comprehensive quality, while CZ5, CZ1 and CZ2 are relatively poor. Cluster analysis divides the five superior Cudrania tricuspidata lines into three clusters aligning with PCA results. In summary, the five superior Cudrania tricuspidata lines each have distinctive fruit quality with certain differences among them. Under this study's conditions, CZ4 and CZ3 show better comprehensive quality, while CZ5, CZ1 and CZ2 are relatively poor. CZ1 can be used as a cultivar for fresh consumption and winemaking, CZ2 as a fresh-eating cultivar, and CZ3, CZ4 and CZ5 as cultivars for functional product development. According to the average selenium content, Cudrania tricuspidata fruit can be regarded as a fruit with high selenium content.

关键词

柘树 / 柘果 / 质量 / 元素 / 主成分

Key words

Cudrania tricuspidata / Cudrania tricuspidata fruits / quality / element / PCA

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基金资助

湖州市公益性应用研究项目(2023GZ50)

浙江省软科学项目(2024C35128)