哈尼梯田经营管理模式作用机制与效益评估

Functional Mechanism and Benefit Evaluation of the Hani Terraces Operation and Management Model

摘要

为深入探究哈尼梯田经营管理模式的内在机理与实施成效，本研究以哈尼梯田遗产区为案例，通过实地调研解析其经营管理模式，并基于社会生态系统框架（Social ecological system，SES）系统性地揭示经营管理模式的作用机制。同时，结合InVEST模型与市场价格法，量化了不同土地利用类型的水土保持效益与粮食生产价值，进而评估经营管理模式的综合成效。结果表明：（1）哈尼梯田经营管理模式是一个以“四素同构”景观结构为基础，融合哈尼族传统生态智慧与现代治理策略，围绕森林、梯田、村寨、水系四大子系统构建的四位一体综合性管理体系；（2）在当地传统知识与现代管理的共同驱动下，农户在资源管理（森林与水资源管理）与田间实践（梯田生产种植与维护管理）层面形成了一套协同有序的行动情景。这些行动情景通过生态维护、资源优化配置与高效利用等途径，有效实现了水土保持与生计安全的双重目标；（3）哈尼梯田遗产区的水土保持综合效益达5.03×10 ⁴万元。其中，水田得益于良好的经营管理模式，其单位面积的土壤保持能力与粮食产出均显著优于其他土地利用类型，单位面积综合效益最高，达4.1万元/hm ²。本研究结论可为哈尼梯田的可持续保护与发展提供理论依据，同时为全球类似山地农业系统的研究与实践提供参考。

Abstract

To comprehensively explore the underlying mechanisms and implementation outcomes of the Hani Terraces operation and management model, this study takes the Hani Terraces Heritage Area as a case study. Through field surveys, it analyzes its operation and management model and systematically reveals its functional mechanisms based on the Social-Ecological System (SES) framework. Furthermore, by integrating the InVEST model with the market price method, this study quantifies the soil and water conservation benefits and food production values across different land-use types, thereby evaluating the comprehensive effectiveness of the management model. The results indicate that: (1) The operation and management model of the Hani Terraces is an integrated four-component management system that is built upon the "four-element isomorphic" landscape structure, blending the traditional ecological wisdom of the Hani ethnic group with modern governance strategies. It centers around four key subsystems: forests, terraces, villages, and water systems. (2) Co-driven by local traditional knowledge and modern management, smallholders have developed a set of coordinated and orderly action situations in terms of resource management (forest and water resources) and field practices (terrace cultivation and maintenance). Through ecological maintenance, optimized resource allocation, and efficient utilization, these action situations effectively achieve the dual goals of soil and water conservation and livelihood security. (3) The comprehensive soil and water conservation benefits in the Hani Terraces Heritage Area reach 503 million CNY. Among different land-use types, paddy fields, benefiting from the effective management model, demonstrate significantly superior soil conservation capacity and grain output per unit area, yielding the highest comprehensive benefit of 41 000 CNY/ha. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable conservation and development of the Hani Terraces, while also offering a valuable reference for the research and practices of similar mountainous agricultural systems globally.

关键词

哈尼稻作梯田系统 / 经营管理模式 / 社会生态系统（SES） / 水土保持 / 经济效益

Key words

Hani rice terrace system / management model / Social-Ecological System (SES) / soil and water conservation / economic benefits

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基金资助

云南省基础研究重点项目(202001AS070042)

云南省水土保持与荒漠化防治学一流学科开放基金项目(SBK20240027)