基质混拌控释肥对烟苗生理特性及成苗素质的影响

Effects of Substrate-mixed Controlled-release Fertilizer on Physiological Characteristics and Tobacco Seedling Quality

摘要

为明确基质混拌控释肥在烟草集约化育苗中的可行性，实现施肥工序轻简化，本研究以云烟87为试验材料，以育苗常规施肥为对照（CK），设置5个基质混拌控释肥用量：T1（23 g/盘）、T2（46 g/盘）、T3（69 g/盘）、T4（92 g/盘）和T5（115 g/盘），测定了烟苗的光合特性、渗透性调节物质和碳氮代谢等指标。结果表明：控释肥处理的育苗水电导率均显著低于CK，T2处理的出苗率和成苗率与CK差异不显著，均显著高于T3-T5处理，有效保障了出苗和成苗质量。T2处理较CK显著降低了烟苗的丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量，维持了细胞稳定；显著提高净光合速率（ Pn）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性，促进了烟苗可溶性糖含量、干物质积累量、壮苗指数的显著提高和移栽后烟苗的早生快发。T1处理的叶绿素总含量、 Pn、最大光量子效率（ Fv/Fm）、硝酸还原酶（NR）、SS和SPS显著低于CK，降幅分别为7.37%、17.49%、3.84%、27.47%、13.37%和14.89%，从而导致烟苗的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低，降幅为32.44%和11.17%，最终显著降低了烟苗的干物质积累量、壮苗指数和成苗率。T4、T5处理的光化学猝灭系数（qP）和电子传递速率（ETR）显著低于CK，而Pro含量显著提高，引发烟苗光系统和细胞膜损伤，进而降低光合性能及碳氮同化能力。由主成分分析和隶属函数综合评价得出烟苗素质由高到低的顺序为T2＞T3＞CK＞T4＞T1＞T5。综上可知，采用一次性基质混拌均衡型控释肥（N-P₂O₅-K₂O=14∶14∶14），在适宜用量（46 g/盘）下，可通过优化烟苗光合性能、细胞渗透调节与碳氮代谢来培育壮苗，在保证养分供应的情况下实现了施肥工序的轻简化。

Abstract

To evaluate the feasibility of substrate-mixed controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) in the intensive tobacco seedling cultivation and to simplify the fertilization process, this study uses Yunyan 87 as the test material. It sets conventional seedling fertilization as the control (CK), and applies five gradient levels of substrate-mixed controlled-release fertilizer: T1 (23 g/tray), T2 (46 g/tray), T3 (69 g/tray), T4 (92 g/tray), and T5 (115 g/tray). It also measures various indicators such as photosynthetic characteristics, osmotic adjustment substances, and carbon-nitrogen metabolism. The results show that the electrical conductivity of the seedling water in all CRF treatments is significantly lower than that of CK. The emergence rate and seedling formation rate of the T2 treatment show no significant difference from CK, but they are significantly higher than those in the T3–T5 treatments, effectively ensuring the quality of emergence and seedling growth. Compared with CK, the T2 treatment significantly reduces the malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) content in tobacco seedlings, maintaining cellular stability; it also significantly increases the net photosynthetic rate ( Pn), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) activity, promoting a significant increase in the soluble sugar content, dry matter accumulation, and strong seedling index, as well as early growth and rapid development after transplantation. The T1 treatment has significantly lower total chlorophyll content, Pn, maximum photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ (Fv/Fm), nitrate reductase (NR), SS, and SPS compared to the CK, with reductions of 7.37%, 17.49%, 3.84%, 27.47%, 13.37% and 14.89%, respectively. This leads to significant decreases in soluble sugar and soluble protein contents in tobacco seedlings, by 32.44% and 11.17%, respectively, ultimately significantly reducing dry matter accumulation, strong seedling index, and seedling formation rate. The T4 and T5 treatments have significantly lower photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and electron transport rate (ETR) than those in CK, while the proline content is significantly elevated, causing damage to the tobacco seedling photosystem and cell membrane, thereby reducing photosynthetic performance and carbon-nitrogen assimilation capacity. Based on principal component analysis and membership function evaluation, the ranking of seedling quality from highest to lowest is T2>T3>CK>T4>T1>T5. In conclusion, strong seedlings are cultivated by optimizing the photosynthetic performance, cell osmosis regulation, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of tobacco seedlings with one-time fertilization of CRF (46 g/tray, N-P₂O₅-K₂O=14∶ 14∶ 14), achieving simplification of the fertilization process while ensuring nutrient supply.

关键词

烟草 / 控释肥 / 光合特性 / 渗透调节物质 / 碳氮代谢

Key words

Tobacco / controlled release fertilizer / photosynthetic characteristics / osmotic adjustment substances / carbon- nitrogen metabolism

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基金资助

黔南州科技计划项目(黔南科合［2024］09 号)

贵州省烟草公司黔南州公司科技项目(2024-522700-2-7-0160)