南岭地区西山钙碱性火山岩中石榴子石的成因及其地质意义

丁丽雪 ,  付建明 ,  周岱 ,  李岩

地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (02) : 477 -495.

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地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (02) : 477 -495. DOI: 10.3799/dqkx.2025.237

南岭地区西山钙碱性火山岩中石榴子石的成因及其地质意义

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Genesis of Garnet in Calc⁃Alkaline Volcanic Rocks from Xishan Complex in Nanling Region, and Its Geological Significance

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摘要

保存在钙碱性火山岩中的石榴子石不仅可以限定岩浆结晶的温压条件,而且可以揭示寄主岩浆的演化历史,具有重要的成因意义. 然而,全球范围内产出在钙碱性火山岩中的石榴子石非常稀少,且目前对于该类岩石中石榴子石的成因还存在很大争议. 西山侏罗纪含榴英安岩中产出了岩浆型、变质型、转熔型3种成因石榴子石晶体. 岩浆型石榴子石,多数以单晶形式存在,不发育反应边,成分上贫MgO(0.92%~2.37%)、CaO(1.21%~2.85%)、MnO(0.82%~1.64%),富FeO(36.01%~39.82%);变质型石榴子石,发育钠长石反应边,成分上富MgO(7.42%~8.46%)、FeO(27.80%~30.99%),贫CaO(1.32%~1.33%)、MnO(0.56%~0.60%);转熔型石榴子石,MgO(2.89%~3.55%)、FeO(34.57%~37.39%)、CaO(2.08%~2.51%)、MnO(0.72%~1.17%)含量介于岩浆型、变质型石榴子石之间. 在稀土元素组成上,三类石榴子石均显示出LREE强烈亏损的特征,但岩浆型石榴子石富集HREE,Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.004~0.005)最显著;变质型石榴子石亏损HREE,稀土元素总含量(∑REE=64×10-6~72×10-6)明显低于岩浆型石榴子石(∑REE=681×10-6~906×10-6),具弱负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.24);转熔型石榴子石稀土元素特征总体上介于岩浆型、变质型石榴子石之间(∑REE=673×10-6~2 731×10-6; Eu/Eu*=0.02~0.03),且含量变化范围较大. 岩相学、矿物化学等特征一致表明西山含榴英安岩中的岩浆型石榴子石是下地壳高温(740~959 ℃)、高压(>7 kbar)、低氧逸度logfO2(-23.67~-12.32)岩浆演化早期结晶的产物;变质型石榴子石是在岩浆型石榴子石晶出之后,经由火山喷发作用从源岩捕获的变质晶体;转熔型石榴子石则是研究区下地壳变泥质岩减压部分熔融过程中,由黑云母脱水部分熔融形成的. 结合区域地质背景以及岩石中锆石、石榴子石Hf⁃O同位素等特征,认为西山含榴英安岩可能源于成熟度较高的变沉积岩,且形成于伸展构造背景.

Abstract

Garnets preserved in calc⁃alkaline volcanic rocks can not only constrain the temperature and pressure conditions of magma crystallization, but also can reveal the evolution history of the host magma, presenting significant genetic implications. However, garnet occurring in calc⁃alkaline volcanic rocks is extremely rare globally, and there remain substantial controversies regarding the genesis of such garnets. In the Jurassic garnet⁃bearing dacite from Xishan complex, three genetic types of garnet crystals coexist: magmatic garnet, metamorphic garnet and peritectic garnet. Magmatic garnets mostly occur as single crystals without reaction rims, characterized by low MgO (0.92%~2.37%), CaO (1.21%~2.85%), and MnO (0.82%~1.64%) contents, but high FeO (36.01%~39.82%) contents. Metamorphic garnets develop albite reaction rims. In terms of composition, they are rich in MgO (7.42%~8.46%) and FeO (27.80%~30.99%), and poor in CaO (1.32%~1.33%) and MnO (0.56%~0.60%). For peritectic garnets, the contents of MgO (2.89%~3.55%), FeO (34.57%~37.39%), CaO (2.08%~2.51%), and MnO (0.72%~1.17%) are all between those of the former two types. In terms of rare earth elements (REE), all three types of garnet exhibit strong depletion in light REE(LREE). Notably, magmatic garnets are enriched in heavy REE(HREE), with the most significant Eu negative anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.004~0.005). Metamorphic garnets are depleted in HREE,and the total rare earth element content (∑REE=64×10-6~72×10-6) is significantly lower than those of the magmatic garnets (∑REE=681×10-6~906×10-6), with a weaker Eu negative anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.24). The characteristics of rare earth element of peritectic garnets are generally between those of magmatic and metamorphic garnets (∑REE=673×10-6~2 731×10-6; Eu/Eu*=0.02~0.03), and the content variation range is relatively large. Petrographic and mineral chemical characteristics consistently indicate that the magmatic garnets in the garnet⁃bearing dacite from Xishan complex is a product of early crystallization during magma evolution under high⁃temperature (740~959 ℃), high⁃pressure (>7 kbar), and low oxygen fugacity (logfO2: -23.67 to -12.32) conditions in the lower crust. In contrast, the metamorphic garnets are metamorphic crystal captured from the source rock by volcanic eruption after the former crystallized. The peritectic garnets were formed by partial melting of biotite dehydration during the decompression partial melting process of metapelitic rocks in the lower crust of the study area. Combining with the regional geological context and Hf⁃O isotopic characteristics of zircon and garnet, this study suggests that the Xishan garnet⁃bearing dacite may be derived from relatively mature metasedimentary rocks and formed in an extensional tectonic setting.

Graphical abstract

关键词

石榴子石 / 英安岩 / 伸展构造背景 / 西山岩体 / 南岭地区 / 构造地质.

Key words

garnet / dacite / extensional tectonic setting / Xishan complex / Nanling Region / structural geology

引用本文

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丁丽雪,付建明,周岱,李岩. 南岭地区西山钙碱性火山岩中石榴子石的成因及其地质意义[J]. 地球科学, 2026, 51(02): 477-495 DOI:10.3799/dqkx.2025.237

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0 引言

石榴子石是一种复杂的硅酸盐矿物,自然界中的石榴子石按照成分分为两个固溶体系列:钙质系列(钙铁榴石、钙铬榴石、钙铝榴石)和铝质系列(镁铝榴石、锰铝榴石、铁铝榴石). 目前,铝质系列石榴子石的成因类型主要包括3种:变质成因、转熔成因和岩浆成因. 变质成因石榴子石是各类变质岩(包括榴辉岩、角闪岩、片岩、片麻岩、麻粒岩等)中重要的造岩矿物,可以为示踪寄主岩石经历的变质演化历史提供重要记录(牛贺才等, 2007; Guillot et al., 2008Zhou et al., 2011Caddick and Kohn, 2013Xu et al., 2013Xia et al., 2016; 高利娥等, 2017; Dong et al., 2018; 夏琼霞等, 2019; Devoir et al., 2021Zhu et al., 2022Zhang et al., 2023). 转熔成因石榴子石是在变质岩发生深熔过程中,由黑云母等矿物的脱水部分熔融作用形成(Patiño Douce and Harris, 1998Zeng et al., 2005Stevens et al., 2007Villaros et al., 2009Taylor and Stevens, 2010Lackey et al., 2012Tacchetto et al., 2019Dorais et al., 2023Wang et al., 2025). 岩浆成因石榴子石产出的岩石类型比较广泛且形成机制复杂,如产出在金伯利岩、橄榄岩、辉石岩和玄武岩等基性-超基性岩中的石榴子石,通常形成于高压环境,且具有高镁的特征(Liu et al., 1992Dong, 1997; 张宏福和路凤香, 2000; 李积山等, 2022);产出在过铝质(如S型花岗岩)、准铝质以及铁质花岗岩中的石榴子石,通常作为副矿物形成于中-低压环境(Allan and Clarke, 1981Hogan, 1996Kebede et al., 2001Dahlquist et al., 2007Zhang et al., 2012Samadi et al., 2014bNarduzzi et al., 2017Das et al., 2020);产出在伟晶岩、细晶岩以及淡色花岗岩中的石榴子石则主要形成于岩浆演化后期,通常具有低镁富锰的特征(于津海和O'Reilly, 2001; Bizimis et al., 2005Dahlquist et al., 2007Zeng et al., 2012Müller et al., 2012Gadas et al., 2013Xu et al., 2013Cheng et al., 2014Samadi et al., 2014aTaylor et al., 2015Mahdy et al., 2023Zhang et al., 2025).

然而,全球范围内产出在钙碱性火山岩中的石榴子石非常稀少. 研究表明,保存在钙碱性火山岩中的石榴子石具有重要的成因意义(Mitropolous et al., 1999; Harangi et al., 2001Kawabata and Takafuji, 2005Rubatto and Hermann, 2007; Patranabis⁃Deb et al., 2009; Taylor and Stevens, 2010; Caffe et al., 2012Lackey et al., 2012Hönig et al., 2014Taylor et al., 2015Zhou et al., 2017Lucci et al., 2018Yan et al., 2022). 目前,关于钙碱性火山岩中石榴子石的成因机制还存在很大争议,主要包括:①由过铝质岩浆在高温(~950~1 050 ℃)、高压(9~18 kbar)条件下结晶形成,且常与黑云母、堇青石等矿物共生(Green and Ringwood, 1972Clemens and Phillips, 2014);②由准铝质岩浆在相对高压(≥7 kbar)条件下结晶产生,通常与角闪石、黑云母、斜方辉石、单斜辉石等矿物共生(Harangi et al. 2001Kawabata and Takafuji, 2005René and Stelling, 2007);③由晚期演化岩浆在低温(<800 ℃)、低压(5~7 kbar)和富流体的条件下结晶产生,通常富MnO含量(Abbott, 1981Miller and Stoddard, 1981Yan and He, 2022);④围岩混染,即在岩浆上升过程中,捕获的围岩中的石榴子石(Allan and Clarke, 1981Lantai, 1991);⑤岩浆源区岩石部分熔融产生的残余相矿物(Zeng et al., 2005Stevens et al., 2007).

位于南岭西段的西山杂岩体中产出了含榴英安岩,为研究火山岩中石榴子石的成因提供了理想对象. 本文通过对西山含榴英安岩中的石榴子石开展系统的岩相学、矿物原位微区地球化学、O同位素等研究并结合锆石Hf⁃O同位素等分析,揭示出该类岩石中石榴子石形成的物理化学条件、成因机制等. 在此基础上,进一步探讨了寄主岩石的演化历史及其地质意义等.

1 地质背景

南岭地区位于华南腹地,区内中生代岩浆活动强烈,且以花岗质岩石最为发育. 地质、地球物理资料显示南岭地区的花岗岩体在空间分布上受基底构造以及深大断裂的联合控制,构成以EW向为主、规模巨大的花岗岩带(周新民等,2007). 早中生代(印支期)花岗岩缺乏同期的火山岩伴生,中侏罗世的火山岩浆作用拉开了华南晚中生代大规模岩浆作用的序幕,随后喷出和侵入岩浆作用相伴产出,至晚白垩世结束(徐夕生,2008). 近年来,大量高精度测年结果显示,南岭地区中生代岩浆岩主要形成于150~180 Ma(付建明等, 2004; 华仁民等, 2005;黄会清等, 2008; 朱金初等, 2008; 周立同等,2022; 席振等, 2024; 何川等, 2025),且在空间分布上具有从内陆向沿海方向迁移的特征.

西山杂岩体位于南岭地区九嶷山复式岩体的最东端(图1),呈岩盆状产出,面积约705 km2. 大地构造位置上处于华夏与扬子板块接合带的中段,区域构造上受大型断裂带和褶皱构造的共同控制,这些构造要素共同塑造了西山岩体及周边的构造格局. 茶陵-郴州-临武断裂等大型断裂带为区域构造运动的重要构造线,对西山岩体的分布、岩浆活动范围等起了重要控制作用. 此外,区域褶皱构造的轴向、形态等影响了岩体的就位空间,岩体的展布方向等. 区内地层以震旦系-寒武系、泥盆系-中三叠统为主,主要岩性为边缘海盆相砂泥质岩、浅海台地相碳酸盐岩. 该岩体岩性复杂,从花岗岩、碎斑熔岩到喷溢火山岩均可见到,为一火山-侵入杂岩体. 本研究中的含榴英安岩主要分布在西山杂岩体东北部的西山林场、枫木山村等地.

2 样品特征

西山含榴英安岩呈灰-紫灰色,斑状结构,块状构造. 斑晶主要由斜长石(~8%)、钾长石(~3%)、石英(~2%)以及少量黑云母(<1%)和石榴子石(<1%)组成. 斜长石,半自形-自形板状,粒径以2~3 mm为主,局部被绢云母、方解石交代,发育聚片双晶、卡钠复合双晶;钾长石,半自形板状,以高温透长石、正长石为主,粒径介于1~3 mm之间;石英,半自形-他形粒状,边部常发生溶蚀呈浑圆状或港湾状,内部发育裂纹,晶体粒径以1.0~1.5 mm为主. 石榴子石,呈浅棕色,多数晶体以单晶形式存在(图2),少数晶体周缘发育钠长石边、绿泥石边等,未见堇青石-紫苏辉石反应边或堇青石-黑云母反应边,也未见到磁铁矿反应边,晶体普遍受到熔蚀且发育碎裂结构,多呈浑圆状、不规则港湾状或礁岛状,粒径一般介于0.8~1.5 mm之间. 基质为霏细结构,矿物组成与斑晶相似.

3 分析方法

3.1 电子探针分析

石榴子石的主量元素成分分析在中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心电子探针室完成,使用的仪器型号为岛津EPMA⁃1600,加速电压为15 kV,电流为10 nA,束斑直径为1 μm,采用SPI国际标准物质进行校正,各元素含量检出限为~100×10-6,分析精度优于1%~2%(RSD).

3.2 LA-ICP-MS微区原位微量元素分析

石榴子石原位微区微量元素含量在武汉上谱分析科技有限责任公司利用LA⁃ICP⁃MS完成. 详细的仪器参数和分析流程见Zong et al. (2017). GeoLas HD激光剥蚀系统由COMPexPro 102 ArF 193 nm准分子激光器和MicroLas光学系统组成,ICP⁃MS型号为Agilent 7900. 本次分析的激光束斑和频率分别为44 µm和5 Hz. 激光能量为80 mJ. 单矿物微量元素含量处理中采用玻璃标准物质BHVO⁃2G,BCR⁃2G和BIR⁃1G进行多外标无内标校正(Liu et al., 2008). 每个时间分辨分析数据包括大约20~30 s空白信号和50 s样品信号. 对分析数据的离线处理(包括对样品和空白信号的选择、仪器灵敏度漂移校正以及元素含量计算)采用软件ICPMSDataCal(Liu et al., 2008)完成.

3.3 能谱面扫描分析

石榴子石能谱面扫描分析在中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心扫描电镜室完成,使用的仪器为日本电子JSM⁃7500F型扫描电子显微镜,搭载牛津X⁃MaxN型能谱仪. 测试条件为加速电压20 kV,电流初始值10 μA. 能谱面扫描参数设置为像素驻留时间100 μs,扫描200帧.

3.4 锆石U-Pb定年及Lu-Hf同位素分析

锆石单矿物分选在河北廊坊市诚信地质服务公司完成. 样品采用常规方法粉碎,用重选、磁选等方法进行分选. 锆石制靶、透、反射光以及阴极发光(CL)照相均在北京锆年领航

科技有限公司完成. 锆石CL照相在配备Gatan阴极荧光探头装置的JSM6510扫描电镜上完成. 锆石U⁃Pb定年、微量元素含量以及Lu⁃Hf同位素分析均在中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心同位素地球化学实验室完成. 锆石U⁃Pb定年和微量元素含量分析利用RESOlution LR 193 nm激光剥蚀系统和ICAP⁃Q电感耦合等离子体质谱的联用装置(LA⁃ICP⁃MS)完成. 测试所用激光束斑直径为19 μm,激光束能量密度4 J/cm2,频率为3 Hz. 锆石微量元素含量利用NIST610为外标,29Si作为内标进行定量计算. 锆石U⁃Pb定年分析采用锆石标准矿物91500为外标进行同位素分馏校正. 锆石样品的同位素比值和元素含量采用软件ICPMSDataCal (Liu et al., 2008)进行数据处理分析,U⁃Pb谐和年龄和加权平均年龄计算及绘图采用软件Isoplot 3.0(Ludwig, 2003) 完成. 锆石原位Lu⁃Hf同位素分析所用仪器为RESOlution LR 193 nm激光剥蚀系统和Neptune plus多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱的联用装置(LA⁃MC⁃ICP⁃MS). 实验过程中,激光束斑直径为43 μm,激光束能量密度为4 J/cm2,频率为6 Hz. 采用锆石标准物质Penglai和Plésovice为监控样. 采用176Lu衰变常数1.867×10-11a-1和样品176Lu/177Hf实测值进行εHft)和二阶段Hf同位素模式年龄计算.

3.5 锆石SHRIMP氧同位素分析

锆石SHRIMP氧同位素分析在北京离子探针中心多接收二次离子质谱仪(SHRIMPⅡe⁃MC)上完成. 仪器运行条件和详细分析流程参见Ickert et al.(2008). 锆石单点测定值为10组单组18O/16O值,且单组18O/16O数据精度一般优于0.2‰~0.3‰(1σ)(Ickert et al., 2008). 本次实验使用的标样为Temora⁃2(δ18O=8.20‰; Black et al., 2004)和91500(δ18O=9.86‰;Wiedenbeck et al., 2004),用以监控仪器的稳定性及校正被测样品. 标准锆石分析误差为0.10~0.17(1σ).

3.6 单矿物激光氟化法O同位素分析

单矿物激光氟化法O同位素分析在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所稳定同位素分析验室完成. 实验过程中,重量约为1.5 mg的样品在样品室中与纯化的BrF5试剂反应以释放氧气. 激光室中产生的气体通过一系列保持在液氮温度下的低温阱进行净化. O2在MAT252质谱仪上进行分析. 实验过程中使用的标样为锆石PL(IGGCAS, δ18O=+5.17‰±0.08‰)和石榴石04BXL07(中国科学技术大学;δ18O=+3.70‰±0.11‰).

4 分析结果

4.1 矿物化学成分特征

石榴子石主量元素数据列于附表1. 根据主量元素成分特征,大致可将西山含榴英安岩中的石榴子石分为3类:①类型Ⅰ石榴子石,富FeO(36.01%~39.82%),贫MgO(0.92%~2.37%)、CaO(1.21%~2.85%)、MnO(0.82%~1.64%)含量,端元成分主要由铁铝榴石(80%%~88%)、镁铝榴石(4%%~9%)、锰铝榴石(2%%~4%)等组成;②类型Ⅱ石榴子石,富MgO(7.42%~8.46%)、贫CaO(1.32%~1.33%)、FeO(27.80%~30.99%)、MnO(0.56%~0.60%),端元成分由铁铝榴石(63%~64%)、镁铝榴石(31%~32%)、锰铝榴石为(1%)、钙铝榴石(1%~4%)组成;③类型Ⅲ石榴子石,MgO(2.89%~3.55%)、FeO(34.57%~37.39%)、CaO(2.08%~2.51%)、MnO(0.72%~1.17%)含量介于类型Ⅰ、类型Ⅱ石榴子石之间,端元成分主要由铁铝榴石(74%~80%)、镁铝榴石(12%~14%)、锰铝榴石(2%~3%)等组成.

从端元成分剖面图(图3)来看,类型I石榴子石显示出明显的成分环带特征. 如图3所示,从核部到边部,铁铝榴石组分(Alm)呈降低趋势,镁铝榴石组分(Prp)呈升高趋势,两者之间呈镜像关系,钙铝榴石(Grs)、锰铝榴石组分(Spe)略具波动,显示出典型生长环带的特征. 相比之下,类型Ⅱ石榴子石,从核部到边部铁铝榴石组分(Alm)呈略升高趋势,镁铝榴石(Prp)组分呈略下降趋势,钙铝榴石(Grs)略具升高趋势,锰铝榴石组分(Spe)无明显变化,未显示出明显生长环带的特征;类型Ⅲ石榴子石,从核部到边部铁铝榴石组分(Alm)呈略下降趋势,镁铝榴石(Prp)组分呈略上升趋势,钙铝榴石(Grs)组分略具波动,锰铝榴石组分(Spe)无明显变化,显示出与类型I、Ⅱ石榴子石明显不同的特征.

石榴子石原位微量、稀土元素分析结果见附表2. 如附表2所示,3种类型石榴子石在微量、稀土元素特征方面均存在显著差异(图4). 在微量元素方面,类型Ⅰ石榴子石具有较低的Ti、Cr、Co、Ni、Zr含量,较高的Zn、Y、Sr、Rb含量;相比之下,类型Ⅱ石榴子石具有较高的Ti、Cr、Co、Ni、Zr含量,较低的Zn、Y、Sr、Rb含量;类型Ⅲ石榴子石,基本介于类型Ⅰ、类型Ⅱ石榴子石之间. 在稀土元素方面,3种类型石榴子石均显示出LREE强烈亏损的特征,但三者存在一定的差异,类型Ⅰ石榴子∑LREE最低,介于2.80×10-6~6.48×10-6之间;类型Ⅱ石榴子石∑LREE明显高于类型Ⅰ石榴子,介于14.6×10-6~16.7×10-6之间; 类型Ⅲ石榴子石∑LREE变化范围较大,介于5.47×10-6~27.0×10-6之间. 从稀土元素标准化配分模式图(图4)来看,三类石榴子石在HREE和Eu异常方面存在显著差异:类型Ⅰ石榴子石∑HREE含量介于676×10-6~902×10-6之间,Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.004~0.005)最显著;类型Ⅱ石榴子石∑HREE含量明显较类型Ⅰ石榴子石低,介于49×10-6~55×10-6之间,Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.24)最不明显;类型Ⅲ石榴子石∑HREE含量总体上较类型Ⅰ、类型Ⅱ偏高,且变化范围较大,介于666×10-6~27 04×10-6之间,Eu负异常程度介于类型Ⅰ、类型Ⅱ石榴子石之间(Eu/Eu*=0.02~0.03). 此外,在HREE⁃LREE、Y⁃Zn、Y⁃Zr、Y⁃Cr、Y⁃Sc等二元图解(图5)中,三类石榴子石均表现出明显不同的分布趋势.

4.2 能谱面扫描分析特征

石榴子石能谱面分析元素窗口积分分布图像(图6~8)显示,类型Ⅱ石榴子石具有明显的边缘环形富集,而类型Ⅰ、Ⅲ石榴子石则不具有此特征,且边缘环形富集主要元素组成为Al、Si、O、Na,推测可能为钠长石. 此外,如图7所示,类型Ⅱ石榴子石明显较类型Ⅰ、Ⅲ石榴子石破碎,且沿颗粒碎裂边形成宽窄不一的边缘环形富集,局部反应边内部Fe元素较富集,推测是交代残余的石榴子石. 类型Ⅱ石榴子石内Mg元素含量高且均匀,类型Ⅰ、Ⅲ石榴子石均无此特征.

4.3 锆石U-Pb定年及Lu-Hf同位素特征

西山含榴英安岩样品(D9910)中的锆石主要呈半自形-自形柱状,少数为较自形粒状,无色透明,锆石粒径主要分布在150~320 μm之间,长宽比为2∶1~5∶1. 锆石内部多发育振荡环带,属于典型岩浆锆石. 如附表3所示,本次共对21颗锆石进行分析且均为有效点,所测锆石的Th、U含量分别为16.7×10-6~236.8×10-6和20.6×10-6~694.3×10-6,Th/U比值为0.31~1.04. 21个测点均分布在谐和线上或谐和线附近(图9),获得其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄值为152.5±1.2 Ma (MSWD=1.5),代表了西山含榴英安岩的结晶年龄.

如附表4所示,本研究共对20颗锆石进行了Lu⁃Hf同位素测试,所有测试点的176Lu/177Hf比值均小于0.002,表明锆石在形成以后具有极低的放射性成因Hf的积累. 测试点的176Hf/177Hf比值较均一,变化范围为0.282 461~0.282 650,εHft)值分布在-7.8~-1.1之间,加权平均值为-6.5±0.3,对应的单阶段Hf模式年龄值(TDM)为0.86~1.12 Ga,两阶段Hf模式年龄值(TDM2)为1.27~1.69 Ga.

4.4 锆石、石榴子石O同位素特征

如附表5所示,西山含榴英安岩锆石δ18O‰值介于8.62‰~10.46‰之间,石榴子石δ18O‰值为10.25‰. 显然,本研究的锆石和石榴子石的δ18O‰值均明显高于地幔岩(δ18O‰=5.3±0.6; Valley et al., 2005),表明西山含榴英安岩主要源于壳源.

5 讨论

5.1 成因类型

不同成因的石榴子石通常具有不同的主量、微量元素地球化学特征,记录了不同的成因信息(Lackey et al., 2012; Hönig et al., 2014; Taylor et al., 2015; 高利娥等, 2017; Zhou et al., 2017Devoir et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2022; Dorais et al., 2023Mahdy et al., 2023Zhang et al., 2023,2025Wang et al., 2025). 如前所述,根据石榴子石的岩相学、矿物化学成分等特征,大致可以将本文中的石榴子石分为3类.

类型Ⅰ石榴子石,大多以单晶的形式存在,晶体自形程度较好,整体形态相对完整,受熔蚀现象显著,颗粒内部或周缘未见黑云母、石英等,仅含少量锆石、磷灰石等矿物包裹体,晶体周缘不发育反应边,显示出岩浆型石榴子石的典型特征,暗示它们可能是从熔体中结晶而成. 在矿物化学成分上,它们具有富铁、贫镁、锰、钙的特征,端元组分主要由铁铝榴石、镁铝榴石组成,这一成分特征与国外钙碱质火山岩中的石榴子石斑晶十分相似(Cheng et al., 2017; Lucci et al., 2018; Coira et al., 2018). 研究表明,岩浆型石榴子石在形成过程中,其Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+含量通常会随着温度、压力的增大或减少产生规律性变化. 当温度、压力升高时,石榴子石通常由核部到边部形成正生长环带,具体表现为MnO含量逐渐降低,FeOT、MgO含量逐渐升高;当温度、压力降低时,石榴子石往往由核部到边部形成反生长环带,具体表现为MnO含量逐渐升高,FeOT、MgO含量逐渐降低;当温度较高且持续一段时间时,石榴子石的生长环带往往会表现为由核部到边部FeOT、MgO、MnO、CaO曲线呈现平直的特点,即产生均一化现象(Tracy et al., 1976Carlson et al., 1997). 从端元成分剖面图(图3)来看,本文中的类型Ⅰ石榴子石总体上表现为从核部到边部,MgO含量升高,MnO、FeOT含量降低,显示出典型生长环带的特征. 在成因类型判别图解中(图10),类型Ⅰ石榴子石均分布在岩浆成因石榴子石的成分分布范围内. 类似地,在MnO⁃CaO二元图解中,本文中的类型Ⅰ石榴子石均分布在源于S型岩浆的石榴子石成分分布范围内,与Deh⁃Saml和La Herradura地区钙碱性火山岩中的石榴子石斑晶分布范围一致. 在微量、稀土元素组成特征上,本文中的类型Ⅰ石榴子石稀土元素配分模式明显不同于其他两类石榴子石,且与Taylor and Stevens (2010)报道的斯威士兰姆洪多谷变质岩套中转熔成因的石榴子石存在显著差异,尤其是Eu异常特征方面,本文中的类型Ⅰ石榴子石具有更显著的Eu负异常特征. 此外,在Sc⁃Y图解(图5f)中,本文中的类型Ⅰ石榴子石均显示出Sc和Y渐变的趋势,与这些石榴子石颗粒作为岩浆成因斑晶的特征一致. 综上表明,本文中的类型Ⅰ石榴子石属于岩浆成因.

与类型Ⅰ石榴子石相比,本研究中的类型Ⅱ石榴子石具有较明显的碎裂结构,且发育明显的反应边(图7),显示出其作为捕掳晶与岩浆体系发生相互作用的特征. 在主量元素特征上,它们具有较高的MgO含量,较低的CaO、MnO含量(<1%). Hamer et al. (1982)通过对南极圣三主半岛火山岩中不同成因类型的石榴子石进行研究,提出变质成因的石榴子石通常具有高MgO、低CaO含量,而产出在深成侵入岩中的石榴子石则具有高MnO、低MgO含量. 从端元成分剖面图来看(图3c、3d),本文中的类型Ⅱ石榴子石并未显示明显生长环带的特征. 在微量、稀土元素特征(图4)上,该类石榴子石无论在稀土元素配分模式还是Eu异常特征方面均与其他两类石榴子石存在显著差异,同时也不同于前人报道的转熔成因石榴子石. 在成因判别图解(图10)中,该类石榴子石均分布在变质成因石榴子石成分分布范围内或岩浆成因石榴子石成分分布范围以外的区域. 同样地,在MnO⁃CaO图解(图12)中,类型Ⅱ石榴子石,主要分布在来自变泥质岩的石榴子石成分分布范围内,与其他两类石榴子石在分布趋势和范围上存在显著差异. 综上表明,本文中的类型Ⅱ石榴子石可能属于变质成因.

类型Ⅲ石榴子石,颗粒边缘不规则,且晶体周缘不发育反应边,晶体内部未发现有黑云母、石英等包裹体,边部也未见被黑云母、尖晶石等矿物包围. 如图5图10所示,类型Ⅲ石榴子石无论在主量元素还是微量元素组成上均与类型Ⅰ、类型Ⅱ石榴子石明显不同. 在稀土元素标准化配分图解中(图4),本文中的类型Ⅲ石榴子石与Taylor and Stevens (2010))报道的产出在斯威士兰姆洪多谷变质岩套中的转熔成因石榴子石十分相似. 此外,在Sc⁃Y图解(图5f)中, 类型Ⅲ石榴子石呈现出平缓的趋势,随着Y的减少,Sc保持相对均匀,这表明在石榴子石生长过程中熔体中Sc的浓度恒定,这与由黑云母脱水熔融形成的转熔成因石榴子石特征一致,排除了这些颗粒是斑晶的可能. 此外,从端元成分剖面图来看(图3e、3f),类型Ⅲ石榴子石表现出由核部到边部铁铝榴石组分(Alm)呈略下降趋势,镁铝榴石(Prp)组分呈略上升趋势,钙铝榴石(Grs)略具下降趋势,锰铝榴石组分(Spe)无明显变化,明显不同于类型Ⅰ石榴子石的生长环带特征,而更符合扩散环带的特点. 研究表明,扩散环带是缓慢冷却阶段石榴子石与周围相接触的黑云母、堇青石等铁镁质矿物发生Fe⁃Mg离子交换的结果,具有这种环带特征的石榴子石通常周围会与黑云母接触(夏琼霞等,2019). 值得注意的是,由于转熔矿物来自变质矿物在超固相线条件下的转熔反应,因此一般会与变质残余矿物共生. 纵观前人报道的转熔成因石榴子石,基本上都在石榴子石颗粒内部会发现有黑云母、石英等包裹体,或石榴子石与黑云母共生等现象(Taylor and Stevens, 2010; 焦淑娟等, 2013; Xia et al., 2016; 孟繁聪等, 2018; Tacchetto et al., 2019; 冯帆等, 2022). 本文中的类型Ⅲ石榴子石内部未见任何参与转熔反应的变质残留矿物包裹体,推测很可能是由于源区岩浆温度较高,参与转熔反应的变质残留矿物已完全溶解所致. 综上表明,本文中的类型Ⅲ石榴子石可能属于转熔成因.

5.2 温压条件

实验岩石学研究表明,岩浆成因的石榴子石是在不同压力、温度条件下形成的近液相线矿物,它们不仅受寄主岩浆成分的影响,且与其结晶时的岩浆温度、压力和水含量密切相关. 因此,岩浆成因的石榴子石可以有效约束寄主岩浆结晶的P⁃T⁃X条件(Green, 1977Harangi et al., 2001Mirnejad et al., 2008a; Alonso⁃Perez et al., 2009Taylor et al., 2015Baxter et al., 2017Narduzzi et al., 2017Das et al., 2020Ferrero et al., 2021Mahdy et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2025).

研究表明,石榴子石中各端元组分的组成比例与其形成时的温压条件有关. 通常,在高温、高压环境下,配位半径较小的二价阳离子(如Mg2+、Fe2+等)较配位半径较大的二价阳离子(如Mn2+、Ca2+等)更容易进入石榴子石晶格内且较稳定;而在低温、低压环境下,配位半径较大的二价阳离子(如Mn2+、Ca2+等)更容易进入石榴子石晶格内. 对于铝系石榴子石而言,其对应的二价阳离子主要包括Mn2+、Fe2+、Mg2+,其中Mn2+离子半径最小,因此,其进入晶格时所需的压力最小. 例如,高侵位、高分异的花岗岩以及伟晶岩中产出的石榴子石多为富Mn的铁铝榴石(MnO>4%; Green, 1977),均形成于相对低温(<820 ℃)、低压(<4×108 Pa)的环境. 此外,Green(1977)通过高温高压实验证实,石榴子石成分中Mn的含量可以反映其形成的压力条件,并提出MnO含量的增加会扩大低压范围石榴子石的稳定域. 如附表1所示,本研究的岩浆型石榴子石(类型Ⅰ)具有较低的MnO含量,明显不同于花岗岩内岩浆成因的石榴子石,因此,可以排除其形成于低压条件的可能性.

图12所示,本研究的岩浆型石榴子石与来自新西兰Canterbury、伊朗Deh⁃Salm、墨西哥中央高原地区流纹岩中的石榴子石成分十分相似,且均分布于来自S型岩浆的石榴子石分布范围内(Mirnejad et al., 2008bBach et al., 2012Sieck et al., 2019). 根据前人研究,上述地区的石榴子石均产出在结晶压力大于7 kbar的条件下. 此外,Green and Ringwood(1972)通过对流纹岩中的石榴子石进行稳定性和组成进行研究,发现在水压(PH2O)小于负荷压(PLOAD)的条件下,与天然石榴子石具有相同组成的石榴子石可以在7~18 kbar的压力条件下晶出. 甚至还有一些学者提出火山岩中石榴子石的晶出需要一个位于壳幔边界的深位岩浆房(>25 km; Gilbert and Rogers, 1989Dahlquist et al., 2007). 综上,我们推测西山含榴英安岩中的石榴子石斑晶可能形成于大于7kbar的较高压力条件下.

此外,一些研究表明,石榴子石的液相线温度和液相线相的性质在很大程度上受水压(PH2O)控制. 通常,在相对较干的岩浆体系(PH2O<<PLOAD),石榴子石的液相线温度会更高,同时石榴子石作为近液相线相需要的压力也更大,而对于相对较湿的岩浆系统,情况则正好相反. 如果岩浆的PH2O很高,则液相线上可能会出现角闪石而并非石榴子石. 西山火山-侵入杂岩体中铁铝榴石、铁辉石、铁橄榄石等富铁矿物的广泛产出,表明源区岩浆中的水含量和氧逸度足够低,且足以支持硅酸盐熔体中Fe2+的稳定存在. 如附表6所示,计算获得的西山含榴英安岩的锆石饱和温度为877~879 ℃,锆石Ti温度为740~959 ℃,一致表明本研究中的石榴子石斑晶形成于较高的温度条件. 此外,利用Li et al.(2019)的Geo⁃fO2软件计算获得的结果显示,西山含榴英安岩具有相对较低的logfO2(-23.67~-12.32)值,进一步表明本研究中的岩浆型石榴子石斑晶可能结晶于低氧逸度的深源环境.

5.3 对岩浆源区及成岩过程的指示意义

研究表明,火山岩中的石榴子石可以由I⁃/M型岩浆结晶形成,如由壳源火成岩部分熔融产生的熔体或源于上地幔的熔体,也可以由S型岩浆结晶形成(Chappell and White 1974; Green,1992; Harangi et al., 2001). 如前所述,在同位素组成上,西山含榴英安岩中的石榴子石与锆石的δ18O‰值均明显高于地幔岩(δ18O‰=5.3±0.6)(图11a),显示出明显的壳源属性. 同时,在εHft)⁃T图解(图11b)中,本研究的样品均落入南岭西段典型岩体范围内,进一步印证其源区以陆壳物质为主. 此外,相关研究表明,源于变泥质岩或变沉积岩熔体的石榴子石通常具有低CaO(<4%)和变化的MnO含量(Harangi et al., 2001). 如图12所示,产出在西山含榴英安岩中的石榴子石晶体均具有较低的CaO、MnO含量,三种类型石榴子石均分布在S型岩浆成因的石榴子石分布范围内或来自变泥质岩的石榴子石与来自S型岩浆的石榴子石的重叠分布范围内. 综上表明,西山含榴英安岩可能源于成熟度较高的变质沉积岩.

如前所述,西山含榴英安岩中的石榴子石斑晶属于铁铝榴石,且在成分上具有贫锰的特征. 研究表明,对于钙碱性岩浆体系而言,不同演化阶段产生的石榴子石晶体在成分上存在一定的差异. 在岩浆演化早期形成的石榴子石通常在成分上具有低MnO、高FeO含量的特征,而在岩浆演化晚期晶出的石榴子石则往往具有高MnO、低FeO含量的特征(Green, 1977). 同时,通常情况下贫锰铁铝榴石在浅部是不稳定的(Harangi et al., 2001),因此,本研究中的岩浆成因铁铝榴石的存在表明其母岩浆的上升速率应该是非常快的. 如果岩浆侵位发生在伸展的构造背景下,则有助于实现岩浆的快速上升. LA⁃ICP⁃MS锆石U⁃Pb定年结果显示,西山含榴英安岩的结晶年龄为152.5±1.2 Ma,属于侏罗纪岩浆作用的产物. 研究表明,南岭西段地区在侏罗纪时期,在与钦杭成矿带叠加部位—形成湘南-桂北段一条高εNdt)、低钕模式年龄A型花岗岩带,该A型花岗岩带自南西至北东依次有花山、姑婆山、九嶷山、骑田岭及千里山等岩体. 众所周知,A型花岗岩通常代表伸展的构造背景. 因此,我们推测西山含榴英安岩很可能形成于一个伸展的构造背景.

此外,研究表明,围岩的同化混染作用可以促进石榴子石的晶出. 西山含榴英安岩中石榴子石斑晶和捕虏晶的共存似乎表明围岩的同化混染作用在岩石的形成过程中扮演了重要的角色. 然而,如果在成岩过程中,围岩的同化混染作用起了主导作用的话,那么必然会导致高铝岩浆的产生,并促使石榴子石斑晶的晶出. 这种情况下,岩石中捕获的围岩中的变质成因石榴子石必然在成分特征上与岩浆成因的石榴子石斑晶相似. 然而,两者在成分特征上存在显著差异,这一事实表明,岩石中变质成因的石榴子石可能不是捕获的围岩中的变质晶体,而很可能是在石榴子石斑晶晶出之后,在深部岩浆由高压环境向浅部低压环境迅速上升迁移的过程中加入的. 在伸展构造背景下,研究区内中下地壳中的变泥质岩发生脱水熔融反应. 在变泥质岩减压部分熔融过程中,黑云母脱水部分熔融形成转熔成因石榴子石,同时捕获了源岩中的变质石榴子石.

6 结论

(1)根据岩相学、矿物化学成分等特征,赋存在西山含榴英安岩中的石榴子石可分为岩浆型、变质型、转熔型3种类型. 岩浆型石榴子石贫MgO、MnO、CaO,富FeO,具有较低的Ti、Cr、Co、Ni、Zr含量,较高的Zn、Y、Sr、Rb含量,亏损LREE,富集HREE,Eu负异常最显著;变质型石榴子石富MgO、FeO,贫CaO、MnO,具有较高的Ti、Cr、Co、Ni、Zr含量,较低的Zn、Y、Sr、Rb含量,LREE、HREE均不富集,且稀土元素总含量明显低于岩浆型石榴子石,Eu负异常较弱;转熔型石榴子石矿物化学成分特征总体上介于岩浆型、变质型石榴子石之间.

(2)西山含榴英安岩中岩浆型石榴子石是下地壳高温、高压、低氧逸度且贫水的岩浆在演化早期结晶的产物,变质型石榴子石是岩浆型石榴子石斑晶结晶后,岩浆由深部高压环境向浅部低压环境上升迁移过程中捕获的源岩中的石榴子石. 转熔型石榴子石是研究区内中下地壳中的变泥质岩减压部分熔融过程中,由黑云母脱水部分熔融形成的.

(3)西山含榴英安岩可能源于成熟度较高的变质沉积岩且形成于伸展的构造背景.

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基金资助

中国地质调查局项目“南岭成矿带区域地质调查”(DD20240038)

国家自然科学基金项目(41902053)

中国地质调查局花岗岩成岩成矿地质研究中心开放基金项目(PMGR202501)

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