藏北白垩纪构造演化与铜金成矿作用

柏佳伟 ,  范建军 ,  侯鑫雨 ,  张博川 ,  孙思霖 ,  王洋 ,  吕峻浦

地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (02) : 722 -743.

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地球科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (02) : 722 -743. DOI: 10.3799/dqkx.2025.282

藏北白垩纪构造演化与铜金成矿作用

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Cretaceous Tectonic Evolution and Cu⁃Au Metallogenesis in Northern Tibet

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摘要

藏北白垩纪构造演化存在较大争议,严重制约了高原隆升和藏北世界级规模铜金资源成矿背景的准确认识. 为重建藏北白垩纪演化,对藏北西部吉普三队、松西和日土岩浆岩开展了综合研究. 结果显示,吉普三队和松西岩浆岩分别形成于~120和~110 Ma,均为I型高钾钙碱性花岗岩,经历了复杂的熔融、同化、储存、均一化过程,是中特提斯洋俯冲作用的产物. 日土岩浆岩形成于~90 Ma,为富Nb型辉长岩和A型花岗岩组成的双峰式岩浆作用,是造山后伸展事件的产物. 从120~110 Ma至~90 Ma,藏北西部经历了由俯冲向碰撞转变的洋陆转换过程. 利用壳源岩浆岩反演其形成时的地壳厚度和壳源物质贡献度的结果表明,藏北西部在160~100 Ma具有正常的陆壳厚度(~30 km),但~100 Ma之后,地壳明显增厚,~90 Ma时,地壳厚度(~60 km)已超现今伊朗高原. ~110 Ma时,地壳物质贡献度达到峰值,预示着初始碰撞. 综合上述研究,结合区域晚白垩世磨拉石和混杂岩资料,提出中特提斯洋在白垩纪经历了从东向西的穿时洋陆转换,其中藏北西部洋陆转换发生在110~96 Ma. 中特提斯洋闭合后,拉萨-羌塘碰撞导致了藏北显著的地壳加厚和地表隆升,其隆升规模至少堪比现今的伊朗高原. 穿时洋陆转换及造山过程促使岩浆熔体氧逸度的升高,为藏北巨量铜金资源富集成矿创造了有利条件. 本研究从岩浆岩角度重建了藏北白垩纪洋陆转换与造山过程,为造山带形成演化和成矿作用研究提供了经典实例.

Abstract

The Cretaceous tectonic evolution of northern Tibet remains highly controversial, significantly constraining our understanding of plateau uplift and the metallogenic background of world⁃class Cu⁃Au resources in this region. To reconstruct the Cretaceous evolution of northern Tibet, we conducted an integrated study on magmatic rocks from Jipusandui, Songxi, and Rutog in western Northern Tibet. Results indicate that the Jipusandui(~120 Ma) and Songxi(~110 Ma) intrusions are I⁃type high⁃K calc⁃alkaline granites that underwent complex processes of melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization, representing products of Meso⁃Tethys Ocean subduction. The Rutog magmatic rocks(~90 Ma) is characterized by a bimodal volcanic association composed of Nb⁃enriched gabbro and A⁃type granite, reflecting post⁃orogenic extensional tectonics. From 120~110 Ma to ~90 Ma, western Northern Tibet experienced an ocean⁃continent transition from subduction to collision. Inversion of crustal thickness and crustal contributions based on crust⁃derived magmas reveals that the crust of western Northern Tibet maintained a normal thickness (~30 km) during 160~100 Ma, but significantly thickened after ~100 Ma, reaching ~60 km by ~90 Ma⁃exceeding the present⁃day Iranian Plateau. The peak contribution of crustal materials at ~110 Ma suggests the onset of initial collision. Synthesizing results with regional Late Cretaceous molasse and mélange records, we propose that the Meso⁃Tethys Ocean underwent a diachronous ocean⁃continent transition from east to west during the Cretaceous, with the transition in western Northern Tibet occurring between 110 and 96 Ma. Following the closure of the Meso⁃Tethys Ocean, the Lhasa⁃Qiangtang collision resulted in pronounced crustal thickening and surface uplift, with an uplift magnitude at least comparable to that of the modern Iranian Plateau. This diachronous ocean–continent transition and subsequent orogenesis elevated the oxygen fugacityof magmatic systems, thereby creating favorable conditions for the enrichment and metallogenesis of giant Cu⁃Au resources in northern Tibet. From the perspective of magmatic records, this study reconstructs the Cretaceousocean⁃continent transition and orogenic processes in northern Tibet, providing a representative case study for understanding the orogenesis and metallogenesis in collisional orogens.

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关键词

藏北 / 班公湖-怒江缝合带 / 白垩纪构造演化 / 拉萨-羌塘碰撞 / 铜金成矿作用 / 构造地质.

Key words

Northern Tibet / Bangong⁃Nujiang Suture Zone / Cretaceous tectonic evolution / Lhasa⁃Qiangtang collision / copper⁃gold metallogenic process / structural geology

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柏佳伟,范建军,侯鑫雨,张博川,孙思霖,王洋,吕峻浦. 藏北白垩纪构造演化与铜金成矿作用[J]. 地球科学, 2026, 51(02): 722-743 DOI:10.3799/dqkx.2025.282

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藏北班公湖-怒江缝合带,作为特提斯构造域中地质记录保存最复杂的缝合带之一,记录了中特提斯洋形成、演化及消亡的整个过程(Yin and Harrison, 2000Fan et al., 2021,2024aHao et al., 2025). 近年来,在藏北班公湖-怒江缝合带及两侧新发现了大量不同类型的白垩纪岩浆岩(李世民,2018;Li et al., 2018Wang et al., 2020),厘定了多套白垩纪不同沉积环境的沉积岩和不同构造属性的沉积不整合(陈国荣等,2004;Kapp et al., 2007;刘文等,2019;吴建亮等,2021;Luo et al., 2021,2022;Fan et al., 2024a,2024bMa et al., 2024),勘查了大量成矿期为白垩纪、成矿潜力巨大的铜金等多金属矿产资源(如早白垩世多龙超大型铜金矿集区、晚白垩世尕尔穷和嘎拉勒大型-超大型铜金矿床等;Zhang et al., 2015;唐菊兴等,2017,2024;张志等,2017;Lin et al., 2019Wang et al., 2019Liu et al., 2024),使得藏北白垩纪构造演化的研究成为了青藏高原,乃至整个东特提斯构造域研究的热点之一. 对藏北白垩纪构造演化开展深入研究,不但可以探讨不同类型岩浆岩和沉积岩的成因与大地构造联系,丰富和发展岩石成因理论,还可以验证和新建成矿模型,指导区域找矿.
关于藏北白垩纪构造演化,前人提出了多种模型,主要包括(1)陆陆碰撞模型:自20世纪80年代以来,东巧上侏罗统-下白垩统沙木罗组和东巧组等与蛇绿岩和木嘎岗日岩群之间不整合(陈国荣等,2004;Zhu et al., 2016;宋博文等,2025)等的发现、少量早白垩世早期增厚地壳来源的岩浆岩等的报道(Allègre et al., 1984)以及尼玛地区早白垩世海相地层向非海相地层的转变等(Kapp et al., 2007),使得人们普遍认为中特提斯洋在晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期以前已经消亡(Allègre et al., 1984;陈国荣等,2004;Kapp et al., 2007;曲晓明等,2012;Zhu et al., 2016Hu et al., 2017b,2022Wang et al., 2020),甚至有的学者提出,中特提斯洋可能在中侏罗世已经关闭(王建平,2003;Ma et al., 2017Sun et al., 2019),藏北班公湖-怒江缝合带及两侧在白垩纪处于大洋闭合后陆-陆造山阶段. (2)洋陆转换(指由大洋俯冲向大陆碰撞转换)模型:随着早白垩世洋岛型岩石组合的陆续发现并被解释为古洋岛残片或古洋底高原(朱弟成等,2006;张硕等,2014;Fan et al., 2018,20212024bHao et al., 2019),以及复理石沉积(Fan et al., 2015;曾禹人等,2016;Luo et al., 2020,20212022)、蛇绿岩(Liu et al., 2014Bai et al., 2024a)和少量早白垩世硅质岩(刘庆宏等,2004)等的报道,有的学者提出中特提斯洋持续演化至早白垩世早-中期,并在早白垩世晚期-晚白垩世处于洋陆转换阶段(朱弟成等,2006;Liu et al., 2014,2018;张硕等,2014;Hao et al., 2016Wang et al., 2016Fan et al., 2018Wu et al., 2019; 吴浩等, 2024; 周高宇等,2024; Xiao et al., 2025).
藏北白垩纪构造演化的争议,不仅制约了对青藏高原中生代构造演化,尤其是中特提斯洋闭合后,拉萨-羌塘碰撞造成的白垩纪初始高原隆升过程的准确认识,同时也阻碍了藏北世界级规模铜金等矿产资源成矿地质背景、成矿规律及下一步找矿工作的深入研究. 白垩纪岩浆岩在藏北广泛分布,是中特提斯洋俯冲、闭合和陆陆碰撞过程的忠实记录者(Zhu et al., 2016Li et al., 2018Hu et al., 2022Bai et al., 2024bFan et al., 2024aSun et al., 2025),尤其是在藏北西部,连续分布着多期次白垩纪岩浆岩,是揭示和重建藏北白垩纪构造演化的“关键窗口”. 本文基于藏北西部吉普三队、松西和日土地区识别的~120和~110 Ma花岗闪长岩、~90 Ma辉长岩与花岗闪长岩详细的岩石学、全岩地球化学、锆石U⁃Pb和Sr⁃Nd⁃Hf同位素分析,结合沉积-岩浆岩资料,重建了藏北白垩纪从大洋俯冲到大陆碰撞过程,并分析了该过程对区域巨量铜金矿产资源富集成矿的影响. 本研究多角度证实了藏北白垩纪洋陆转换模型,对恢复中特提斯洋汇聚消亡过程、揭示其对资源效应的影响、以及解析青藏高原早期隆升历史具有重要意义.

1 地质背景

西藏位于特提斯构造域东段,经历了古、中和新等多阶段特提斯洋的形成演化(Yin and Harrison, 2000). 不同阶段特提斯洋的闭合在西藏上形成了金沙江缝合带、龙木措-双湖-澜沧江缝合带、班公湖-怒江缝合带和雅鲁藏布江缝合带(图1Zhu et al., 2011,2016;Fan et al., 2023,2024a2024bZhang et al., 2023Sun et al., 2025;张克信等,2025),其中班公湖-怒江缝合带位于西藏北部,夹持于拉萨地体和南羌塘地体之间(Fan et al., 2018,2024b),主要由蛇绿岩、洋岛残片和木嘎岗日岩群复理石建造组成(Li et al., 2019Fan et al., 2024a;范建军等,2025). 侏罗-白垩纪岩浆岩广泛分布于班公湖-怒江缝合带及其两侧,依据时代,这些岩浆岩可进一步划分为中晚侏罗世和白垩纪两个主要形成期,二者存在150~130 Ma的岩浆间歇(Liet al., 2018Hu et al., 2022).

研究区位于藏北西部日土-松西一带,横跨拉萨地体、班公湖-怒江缝合带和南羌塘地体3个大地构造单元. 研究区中生代岩浆-沉积岩广泛发育,其中中生代沉积岩包括拉萨地体上侏罗统滨浅海相多仁组的细粒石英砂岩(欧阳克贵等,2005;谢国刚等,2010;张克信等,2025),班公湖-怒江缝合带侏罗系半深海-深海相木嘎岗日岩群的薄层砂页岩互层沉积、上侏罗-下白垩统半深海-滨浅海相沙木罗组钙质砂页岩和灰岩(陈国荣等,2004;Luo et al., 2020,2022;罗安波等,2022),南羌塘地体上中侏罗统半深海-浅海相色哇组砂页岩和灰岩、下白垩统海陆过渡相欧利组砂泥岩和灰岩(谢国刚等,2010;崔玉良等,2016;张克信等,2025).

研究区岩浆岩主要分布在拉热拉新-吉普三队、日土县城周边及松西地区,其中拉热拉新-吉普三队地区岩浆岩岩石类型包括黑云母花岗岩、角闪黑云二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩. 本文研究的花岗闪长岩具有似斑状结构,主要矿物为斜长石(45%~50%)、碱性长石(10%~15%)、和角闪石(10%~12%),含少量黑云母(~3%)(图2b). 松西地区岩浆岩岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩. 本文研究的花岗闪长岩具有中-粗粒结构,主要由斜长石(55%~60%)、石英(15%~20%)、钾长石(10%~15%)组成,含少量角闪石和黑云母等暗色矿物(图2e~2g). 此外,该花岗闪长岩中含有较多暗色包体(图2e~2g). 日土岩浆岩岩石类型主要包括花岗闪长岩、斜长花岗斑岩和辉长岩侵入岩脉. 本文研究的花岗闪长岩主要由斜长石(50%~55%)、石英(15%~20%)、钾长石(10%~15%)、角闪石(10%~12%)和黑云母(5%~8%)组成(图2m, 2o),其内含有较多暗色包体(图2i,2p). 这些暗色包体矿物组成与寄主岩石接近,但是暗色矿物中角闪石(20%~25%)和黑云母(10%~15%)比例较高(图2n). 日土辉长岩具有辉长结构,蚀变较为明显,主要矿物为斜长石(45%~50%)和单斜辉石(40%~45%)(图2p).

2 测试方法

2.1 锆石U-Pb同位素测年

锆石的分离、挑选与制靶,以及阴极发光(CL)图像的获取,均在河北省宇恒(宇能)矿岩技术服务有限公司完成. 其中,锆石分离采用重液法与磁选法. 锆石U⁃Pb定年在吉林大学自然资源部东北亚矿产资源评价重点实验室开展,实验所用仪器为配备193 nm COMPEXPro激光剥蚀系统(LA)的Agilent 7500型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP⁃MS). 实验过程中,激光剥蚀束斑直径设定为32 μm,激光重复频率为7 Hz,激光能量为4~6 J/cm²;载气采用氦气,补偿气采用氩气. 实验以锆石标准物质91500作为外标,用于校正同位素分馏效应;以NIST610(²⁹Si)玻璃作为内标;同时测定清湖(Qinghu)作为补充锆石标准物质,以实现分析质量监控. 分析流程参照Yuan的方法执行. 锆石U⁃Pb定年的同位素数据采用GLITTER软件(4.4版本)处理,采用Andersen的方法对结果进行普通铅校正,年龄计算及协和图绘制采用Isoplot软件(4.15版本)(Ludwig, 2003). 标准锆石91500的协和年龄为1062±24 Ma(2SE),清湖锆石的协和年龄为159.7±1.7 Ma(2SE),二者在误差范围内均与推荐一致(Wiedenbeck et al., 1995). 从统计角度出发,本研究将调谐度<10%且偏离1:1等时线的锆石年龄判定为有效数据(Spencer et al, 2016).

2.2 全岩地球化学分析

样品去除风化层后进行粉碎的工作在河北省宇恒(宇能)矿岩技术服务有限公司无污染实验室中完成,粉碎至200目左右. 主微量元素组成分析在吉林大学自然资源部东北亚矿产资源评价重点实验室完成. 主量元素分析仪器为日本理学公司生产的ZSXPrimus Ⅱ型X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF),主量元素的分析误差<1%. 微量元素组成采用美国Agilent科技有限公司生产的等离子体质谱仪(ICP⁃MS,型号7500a)分析. 微量元素分析过程中使用标准物质为AGV⁃2(美国地质调查局标准物质)和GSR⁃3(中国国家地质标准物质)进行质量监测. 分析误差:Li、P、K<15%,Ti、Ni、V、Co、Cr、Sc、Mn<10%,其他元素<5%,且标准物质的分析结果与推荐吻合良好(Govindaraju, 1994).

2.3 全岩Sr-Nd同位素分析

全岩Sr⁃Nd同位素分析在北京科荟测试技术有限公司完成,所用仪器为Neptune(Plus)型多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC⁃ICP⁃MS). 分析前,样品均采用含HF、HNO₃溶液溶解进行初步提纯;随后采用Sr⁃Spec树脂(Triskem品牌,粒径100~150 μm)对Sr元素进行提纯,采用阳离子交换树脂(AG50W⁃X12型号,粒径200~400目)与LN树脂(Triskem 品牌,粒径100~150 μm)对Nd元素进行联合提纯. 测定的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值与¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd比值分别采用固定比值(⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁸Sr=0.119 4、¹⁴⁶Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd=0.721 9)进行质量分馏内校正. 实验采用岩石标准物质BCR⁃2评估Sr、Nd的分离提纯流程,结果显示:BCR⁃2的加权平均⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值为0.705 019,加权平均¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd比值为0.512 637,均与已有报道值吻合良好(Liu et al., 2020). 实验同步分析了NBS 987 Sr标准物质与GSB Nd标准物质,共同监控数据采集期间的分析质量,结果如下:NBS 987 Sr的加权平均87Sr/86Sr比值为0.710 248±14(2SE),GSB Nd的加权平均143Nd/144Nd比值为0.512 196±9(2SE),二者亦与已有报道值一致(Weis et al., 2005).

2.4 锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析

锆石原位Lu⁃Hf同位素分析在北京科荟测试技术有限公司完成,实验采用Neptune(Plus)型多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC⁃ICP⁃MS),并搭配New Wave 213 nm固体激光剥蚀系统. 实验过程中,激光剥蚀束斑直径设定为55 μm,激光重复频率为10 Hz,激光能量控制在10~11 J/cm²,载气为氦气,仪器工作条件及数据采集流程的详细信息可参见Zhang et al. (2023)的研究. 同位素数据校正与计算遵循标准:¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf比值以¹⁷⁹Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf=0.732 5为基准进行归一化校正,Hf同位素数据则采用¹⁷⁶Lu衰变常数(1.867×10⁻¹¹ a⁻¹)进行年龄校正;其中εHft)值的计算参照Bouvier的方法,Hf模式年龄的计算参照Griffin的方法. 为保证分析准确性,实验对锆石标准物质GJ1进行补充测试,结果显示其176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282 012±34(2SE),该结果推荐值0.281 998±7(2SE)在误差范围内一致(Gerdes and Zeh, 2006).

3 测试结果

3.1 锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果

本论文对藏北西部8件岩浆岩样品进行了锆石U⁃Pb测年,分析结果见附表1. 所有锆石均呈现岩浆振荡环带,且具有高Th/U比值(大于0.1),显示出岩浆成因特征(图3Hoskin and Black, 2000).

测试结果显示,吉普三队花岗闪长岩(B23T12)的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为119.4±1.3 Ma(MSWD=0.41)(图3a),松西花岗闪长岩(B19T21⁃22,24)的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄区间为110~109 Ma(图3b~3d),日土花岗闪长岩的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄区间为91~89 Ma(图3g~3i),日土辉长岩(B23T11)206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为90.1±1.3 Ma(MSWD=0.58)(图3j).

3.2 全岩地球化学分析结果

本文对藏北西部22件岩浆岩样品进行了全岩地球化学分析,分析结果见附表2,其中主量元素去除烧失量后标准化至100%.

3.2.1 吉普三队花岗闪长岩

吉普三队花岗岩具有较低的烧失量(0.40%~0.90%)和较高的SiO2(72.5%~78.8%)、K2O(3.97%~4.42%)和Na2O(2.60%~3.86%)含量,以及较高的Mg#值(39.2~43.2). 在SiO2⁃Zr/TiO2×0.000 1图中,它们落入流纹岩区域(图4a);在K2O⁃SiO2和FeOT/MgO⁃SiO2图解中,样品表现出高钾钙碱性特征(图4c~4d);在A/NK⁃A/CNK图中,落入弱过铝质岩石区域(A/CNK=1.02~1.06,图4e). 在原始地幔标准化多元素蛛网图中,所有样品富集Th、U、Pb,亏损Nb、Sr(图5). 在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线上,它们富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素(LaN/YbN=3.74~7.24,图4f),并且具有显著的Eu负异常(Eu*=0.42~0.72)(图5).

3.2.2 松西花岗闪长岩

松西花岗岩(B19T21⁃22,24)的烧失量较低(1.52%~5.22%,平均2.41%). SiO2含量介于59.9%~71.2%,Mg#值介于32.5~55.5(图4b),具有较高的K2O(2.30%~4.77%)和Na2O(3.05%~3.91%)含量. 在SiO2⁃Zr/TiO2×0.000 1图中,样品落在流纹英安岩/英安岩区域(图4a). 在K2O⁃SiO2和FeOT/MgO⁃SiO2图解中,样品表现出高钾钙碱性特征(图4c,4d);在A/NK⁃A/CNK图中,落入过铝质岩石区域(A/CNK=0.94~1.18,图4e). 在原始地幔标准化多元素蛛网图中,所有样品富集Th、U、Pb,亏损Nb、Ta(图5). 在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线上,它们富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,轻重稀土分异显著(LaN/YbN=12.9~53.8,图4f),并且具有轻微的Eu负异常(Eu*=0.67~0.92)(图5).

3.2.3 日土双峰式火山岩

日土辉长岩烧失量较高(4.02%~4.83%),这表明其发生了含水蚀变. 鉴于含水蚀变会导致岩石大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Sr、Ba等)发生流失,使其不能够代表原岩含量(Polat and Hofmann, 2003). 因此,本文关于辉长岩的成因讨论将不使用大离子亲石元素,而是使用受含水蚀变影响较小的元素,例如主量元素、高场强元素和稀土元素(Polat et al., 2002). 辉长岩的SiO2含量介于55.1%~55.7%,具有较高的Fe2O3T(8.75%~9.03%)和MgO(5.64%~5.99%)含量,Mg#值介于60.0~61.3(图4b). 在K2O⁃SiO2和Fe2O3T/MgO⁃SiO2图解中,样品表现出中钾钙碱性特征(图4c,4d);在原始地幔标准化多元素蛛网图中,辉长岩富集Rb、Th、U、Pb、Sr,亏损Nb、Ta(图5). 在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线上,样品富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,轻重稀土分异较为显著(LaN/YbN=6.23~6.79,图4f),无Eu异常(Eu*=0.96~0.98)(图5).

日土花岗闪长岩(B23T9–10)与其内包体(B23T19)具有较低的烧失量(0.25%~0.48%),两者岩石学和地球化学特征相似(图24),本文将其合并讨论. 样品的SiO2含量介于61.1%~68.0%,在SiO2⁃Zr/TiO2×0.000 1图中,样品主体则落在流纹英安岩/英安岩区域,与其岩性特征一致(图4a). 样品具有较高的K2O(2.65%~4.29%)和Na2O(3.58%~4.50%)含量,和较高的Mg#值(55.8~61.6,图4b). 在K2O⁃SiO2和FeOT/MgO⁃SiO2图解中,样品表现出高钾钙碱性特征(图4c,4d);在A/NK⁃A/CNK图中,样品落在准铝质岩石区域(A/CNK=0.83~0.89,图4e). 在原始地幔标准化多元素蛛网图中,日土花岗闪长岩富集Th、U、Pb,亏损Nb、Ta(图5). 样品富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,轻重稀土分异显著(LaN/YbN=13.3~19.7,图4f),并且具有较为明显的Eu负异常(Eu*=0.58~0.94,平均0.76)(图5).

3.3 全岩Sr-Nd和锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素结果

本研究对5件花岗闪长岩样品(B23T9H1、B23T10H1、B23T19H2及B23T12H1⁃H2)和2件辉长岩样品(B23T11H2⁃H3)进行了全岩Sr⁃Nd同位素测定,结果列于附表3. 吉普三队花岗闪长岩初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.706 085~0.707 183,计算的εNdt)值和二阶段模式年龄分别为-6.95至-6.91和1 474~1 476 Ma(图6a). 日土花岗闪长岩初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.705 259~0.705 700,计算的εNdt)值0.78~2.40(图6a),二阶段模式年龄(827~694 Ma)较年轻. 日土辉长岩初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.704 486~0.704 683,εNdt)值为0.57~0.61(图6a),一阶段模式年龄为917~899 Ma.

此外,对4件花岗闪长岩样品(B23T12、B19T21、B19T22及B19T24)进行了锆石原位Lu⁃Hf同位素分析,结果列于附表4. 吉普三队花岗闪长岩锆石表现出均一的176Hf/177Hf比值(0.282 399~0.282 572),对应εHf(t)值为-10.8至-4.59,古老二阶段模式年龄(TDMC)为1 468~1 858 Ma(图6b). 松西花岗闪长岩锆石176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282 253~0.282 459,εHft)值介于-16.1至-8.75,TDMC为1 724~2 185 Ma(图6b).

4 讨论

4.1 岩石成因

4.1.1 早白垩世花岗质岩石

花岗岩类通常可分为I、S、A和M型(Whalen et al.,1987Chappell et al., 2012). 吉普三队和松西花岗闪长岩的MnO含量(0.02%~0.16%,平均0.06%)远低于M型花岗岩的平均值(0.11%,Whalen et al., 1987),且吉普三队花岗闪长岩具有负的εHft)值(图6b),与源自新生下地幔源物质的M型花岗岩明显不同(Whalen et al., 1987). 样品不含钠闪石、钠铁闪石、霓石、方柱石等碱性暗色矿物,且具有较低的锆石Ti温度(560~849 ℃,平均673 ℃),与A型花岗岩明显不同. 此外,它们的(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)值和(Na2O+K2O)/CaO比值均低于A型花岗岩的相应含量(图7a),在Zr/10 000Ga/Al判别图解中都位于I型和S型花岗岩区域(图7b),上述特征排除了它们属于A型花岗岩的可能. 样品中暗色矿物主要是黑云母和角闪石,其A/CNK值为0.94~1.18(图4e), Na2O含量为2.60%~3.91%,表现出富钠、准铝质的特点,与I型花岗岩相符,而不同于强过铝质特征的S型花岗岩(A/CNK>1.10). 此外,在Al2O3、P2O5与SiO2图解中,样品均呈现I型花岗岩的趋势(图7c~7d). 因此,本研究得出,吉普三队和松西花岗闪长岩为弱过铝质I型花岗岩.

吉普三队与松西花岗闪长岩的大部分样品在(Na2O+K2O)/(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)图解上落于未分异花岗岩区域(图7a),表明它们并非是基性岩浆分离结晶形成的. 在La/Sm⁃La和Th/Nd⁃Th图解中,样品表现出部分熔融的趋势(图7e, 7f). 这些特征,结合样品高的SiO2含量(59.92%~73.83%)、低的εHft)值(-16.1~-4.6)和古老的二阶段模式年龄(2.19~1.47 Ga),表明它们是由古老地壳物质部分熔融产生的(Zhu et al., 2011). 但这些样品具有较高的Mg#值(32.46~55.50,平均为43.82),略高于地壳熔融形成的熔体(通常<40)(Rapp et al., 1999),指示在它们形成过程中,有幔源物质的加入. 此外,这些样品中具有变化较大的εHft)值(>7个ε单位),也进一步支持了上述推论.

吉普三队与松西花岗闪长岩样品显示出轻稀土富集,重稀土相对平坦的特征(图5),具有弱负Eu异常(Eu*=0.42~0.92),且Nb、Sr元素亏损,表明角闪石和长石在岩浆演化过程中发生了分离结晶. 在Ba⁃Sr和Ba/Sr⁃Sr图中,吉普三队和松西花岗闪长岩样品也表现出角闪石和长石的分离结晶趋势(图7g~7h),进一步证实了上述推论.

综上所述,本研究得出吉普三队和松西花岗闪长岩来自于古老下地壳的部分熔融,且经历了一定程度的壳幔混合作用,在它们上升过程中,发生了角闪石和斜长石等矿物的分离结晶,符合俯冲背景下MASH模型(熔融-同化-储存-均一化)特征.

4.1.2 晚白垩世双峰式岩浆岩

~90 Ma日土辉长岩与花岗闪长岩在SiO2含量上存在明显的Daly间断(分别为52.55%~53.02%,60.55%~67.64%),为典型的双峰式火山岩. 辉长岩具有较高的Nb(8.51×10-6~9.06×10-6)含量和Nb/U(10.9~12.5)比值,表现出富Nb玄武岩(NEBs)的亲缘性(图8a,Hastie et al., 2011). 富Nb玄武岩常见的成因有两种,(1)富集或OIB型地幔组分与亏损的MORB型上地幔物质的混合(Castillo et al., 2007),(2)来源于俯冲板片熔体交代的地幔楔(Hastie et al., 2011). 这种混合成因的岩浆岩往往具有变化较大的全岩εNdt)值(Yang et al., 2006). 然而,日土辉长岩的εNdt)值比较均一(图7),并不支持地幔岩浆混合成因. Hofmann指出,OIB和MORB的Nb/U和Ce/Pb比率较为相似,分别为47±10和25±5. 日土辉长岩的Nb/U和Ce/Pb比值低,分别为10.9~12.5和7.45~9.25,这进一步排除了它们是富集或OIB型地幔组分与亏损地幔混合成因的可能. 日土辉长岩具有高Zr含量(146×10-6~154×10-6)和Zr/Y比值(>7.51)的大陆玄武岩特征,且具有较高的Ti/V比值(26.3~28.7),明显高于岛弧玄武岩(<20). 在Zr/Y⁃Zr判别图中,所有样品均落入板内玄武岩区域(图8b). 这些特征表明日土辉长岩的成因可能与板内岩浆作用有关,而非弧岩浆作用中俯冲板片熔体交代地幔楔的成因(Sun and McDonough, 1989图9b). 在Th/Hf⁃Ta/Hf图解中,样品落入大陆伸展带/初始裂谷玄武岩区域(图8c),说明日土辉长岩板内伸展背景下岩浆活动的产物. 此外,在样品微量元素稀土配分图解中,辉长岩具有与OIB相似的曲线(图5). 因此,本研究认为辉长岩有可能是伸展背景下软流圈上涌形成的. 此类幔源岩浆上升过程中,通常会受到不同程度的地壳混染. 辉长岩具有较高的87Sr/86Sr(0.705 135~0.705 256)和较低的εNdt)(+0.57~+0.61)(图6a),不同于典型的OIB型岩浆岩,而是更加接近陆壳组成,而且在(La/Nb)PM⁃(Th/Nb)PM图中,辉长岩样品呈现出混染陆壳的趋势(图8d). 因此,本研究得出,日土辉长岩是伸展背景下软流圈地幔上涌发生熔融并混染陆壳所形成.

日土花岗闪长岩具有较高的Zr含量(250×10-6~379×10-6)和Zr+Nb+Ce+Y值(359×10-6~515×10-6),与未分异的A型花岗岩特征相似(图7a,7b). 较低的Rb含量(21.2~125,<270×10-6)说明它们不是高硅I型花岗岩分异形成的(Condie, 1989). 此外,它们的锆石饱和温度为659~859 ℃,平均789 ℃,与高温条件下形成的A型花岗岩一致(Patiño Douce,1997). 因此,日土花岗闪长岩具有准铝质A型花岗岩的亲缘性.

关于A型花岗岩的成因,目前模型较多,包括:(1)地壳的部分熔融(Skjerlie and Johnston, 1993Landenberger and Collins, 1996Frost et al., 2011);(2)幔源岩浆同化-分离结晶(AFC)或单纯分离结晶(FC)(Boztug et al., 2007Zhang et al., 2023);(3)幔源与壳源岩浆混合(Yang et al., 2006);(4)底侵玄武质下地壳部分熔融(Wu et al., 2002Shen et al., 2011). 实验岩石学表明,浅层地壳中英云闪长岩或花岗闪长岩低压脱水熔融形成的岩浆岩通常具有较高的SiO2(>70%)和锆石饱和温度(>900 ℃)、较低的FeOT(<2.5%)(Skjerlie and Johnston, 1993),但日土花岗闪长岩SiO2(61.11%~68.00%)和锆石饱和温度均相对较低(659~859 ℃,平均789 ℃),FeOT较高(3.28%~4.64%),与浅层地壳低压脱水熔融形成的岩浆特征不符. 此外,样品其较高的FeOT含量和FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)(0.57~0.62)明显不同于富F⁃Cl下地壳麻粒岩残留相部分熔融形成的A型花岗岩(Shen et al., 2011). 因此,排除地壳部分熔融成因. 岩浆同化-分离结晶(AFC)或单纯分离结晶(FC)形成的A型花岗岩通常伴随大量基性岩浆岩(Wu et al., 2002;Shen et al., 2011),但藏北西部晚白垩世基性岩浆岩仅少量出露,与本成因特征不符. 由壳幔混合形成的A型岩浆岩通常具有针状磷灰石、地幔包体和变化范围较大的εHft)、εNdt)值(Yang et al., 2006),然而日土花岗闪长岩样品除含有地幔包体外,其他特征均没有出现,这表明花岗闪长岩也不太可能是壳幔混合成因. 据此,本研究提出,日土花岗闪长岩更有可能是底侵玄武质下地壳部分熔融的产物. 它们富含Rb、Th、Pb等LILEs,而且(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.705 456~0.705 700)和εNdt)值(+0.78~+2.40)与南羌塘地体新生下地壳特征相似(图6a),且具有较年轻的二阶段模式年龄(827~694 Ma),均支持上述推论.

4.2 构造背景:对藏北白垩纪构造演化的制约

本文研究的藏北日土-松西地区白垩纪岩浆岩可进一步划分为~120,~110和~90 Ma 3期,其中前两期为钙碱性岩浆岩,来源于古老下地壳的部分熔融,且经历了一定程度的壳幔混合作用,并显示出大陆弧岩浆岩的亲缘性. 古地磁资料研究表明,藏北西部的南羌塘地体和拉萨地体在120~115 Ma期间仍相距~825±600 km(Cao et al., 2020),进一步证实了该期间中特提斯洋洋盆的存在,说明这些岩浆岩形成于俯冲背景. 藏北西部~90 Ma岩浆岩为双峰式岩浆岩,其中酸性端元为A型花岗岩,基性端元为富Nb辉长岩,结合区域同时期陆相磨拉石沉积,指示了造山后岩石圈拆沉背景的伸展环境(Dini et al., 2002Allen, 2010). 因此,从日土–松西地区白垩纪岩浆岩特征来看,藏北西部中特提斯洋在白垩纪应处于洋陆转换阶段,即早期岩浆岩记录了中特提斯洋的俯冲,晚期岩浆岩记录了中特提斯洋闭合后的陆陆碰撞.

为了进一步精确约束藏北西部中特提斯洋的洋陆转换过程,本研究统计分析了日土-松西地区侏罗–白垩纪岩浆岩形成时的地壳厚度、白垩纪岩浆岩形成时的地壳物质贡献程度以及班公湖-怒江缝合带侏罗-白垩纪沉积层序(图9).

在深部地壳环境(压力>~1.0 GPa)的岩浆分馏与分异作用过程中,Y和Yb元素会优先堆晶石榴子石或角闪石中,但Sr、La元素会进入液相,导致深部岩浆Sr/Y和La/Yb比值较高. 相比之下,在浅层地壳环境(压力<~1.0 GPa)中,Sr元素会优先分配至斜长石中,而Y、Yb元素则进入液相,导致浅层岩浆Sr/Y和La/Yb比值较低(Chapman et al., 2015),因此岩浆岩中Sr/Y和La/Yb比值可以有效地评估地壳厚度,该方法对俯冲带系统和碰撞造山带等背景均适用(Hu et al., 2017a,2020). 本文统计了日土-松西地区侏罗-白垩纪岩浆岩数据,利用Chapman et al.(2015)Hu et al.(2017a)方法进行了筛选和地壳厚度估算. 结果显示,(1)藏北地区在160~100 Ma地壳厚度基本没有变化(图9b),维持在~30 km的大陆平均地壳厚度,指示了俯冲和洋陆转换背景. (2)在~100 Ma以后,地壳显著增厚,最终在~90 Ma达到峰值(~60 km)(图9b),指示了同碰撞环境;(3)~90 Ma以后,地壳明显减薄,指示了造山后伸展背景. 这种变化规律亦支持了前文推论,即藏北西部~120和~110 Ma岩浆岩形成于中特提斯洋的俯冲背景,~90 Ma岩浆岩形成于造山后岩石圈拆沉背景下的伸展环境.

由于Th,La,Nb在不同圈层中配分行为、迁移能力与源区丰度的差异,可用作示踪壳源组分参与程度的地球化学指标(Pietruszka et al., 2009;Junget al., 2023). 本文利用壳幔两端元混合模拟估算了藏北西部白垩纪岩浆岩形成时的壳源贡献比例. 结果表明,壳源物质贡献比例在~110 Ma时达到峰值(图9e),与印度-欧亚大陆初始碰撞阶段由于壳源熔融增强所表现出的高Th/La、Th/Nb特征相似(Chung et al., 2003Mo et al., 2007). 因此本研究推测中特提斯洋西段拉萨-南羌塘地体的初始碰撞时间应该在~110 Ma.

在沉积层序上,藏北西部下白垩统沉积以半深海-深海复理石沉积建造、沙木罗组下部半深海-浅海的类复理石沉积-碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩建造、沙木罗组上部三角洲相的中厚层砂岩为主(图9a;刘文等,2019;Luo et al., 2020,2022),整体为显著的海退层序,记录了中特提斯洋晚期洋盆和洋陆转换过程. 至~96 Ma以后,全区隆升成陆,发育陆相磨拉石建造及其与蛇绿混杂岩的不整合(图9a,Liu et al., 2014;李华亮等,2016),表明至少在此时,中特提斯洋西段洋陆转换结束,陆陆碰撞已经开始.

4.3 藏北白垩纪洋陆转换与造山过程

基于藏北西部白垩纪沉积-岩浆岩的综合对比,本文认为中特提斯洋西段在~110 Ma发生了初始碰撞,随后发生了复杂的洋陆转换,到~96 Ma中特提斯洋完全闭合,陆陆碰撞导致地壳逐渐加厚,至~90 Ma,造山作用进入巅峰期,陆壳增厚至最大,随后开始伸展减薄,形成日土地区~90 Ma双峰式岩浆岩. 因此,本文岩浆岩资料支持藏北西部在白垩纪整体处于洋陆转换阶段,而非陆陆碰撞造山阶段. 但前人研究表明,在藏北东部班戈-丁青一带,最晚期蛇绿岩和复理石沉积等混杂岩时代为晚侏罗世(~147 Ma;Zhong et al., 2017Zhu et al., 2019Tang et al., 2020),而混杂岩之上不整合覆盖着晚侏罗世-早白垩世东巧组、早白垩世陆相磨拉石沉积等(Ma et al., 2017,2024Zhu et al., 2019). 这样的岩石序列提供了可靠证据表明该区域在晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期(~147~120 Ma)处于洋陆转换,并至少在~120 Ma以后,已经发生陆陆碰撞. 在藏北中部改则一带,远离大陆边缘的仲岗洋岛形成于145~132 Ma(Fan et al., 2021,2024a2024b),最年轻的海沟盆地复理石沉积时代为~113 Ma(Luo et al., 2020,2022),表明该区域中特提斯洋持续演化至早白垩世晚期. 藏北中部~105 Ma去申拉组陆相洪积岩及其与下伏混杂岩的不整合接触,表明该区域洋盆的消亡(吴浩等,2014;Luo et al., 2020;罗安波,2022). 从上述资料不难看出,藏北白垩纪构造演化是极其复杂的,在该时期中特提斯洋正在经历从东向西的穿时洋陆转换和陆陆碰撞,导致了同一时期不同区域造山作用、洋陆转换和俯冲作用的并存.

综合上述资料,本研究重建的藏北白垩纪演化过程(图10)如下:

(1)147~96 Ma,中特提斯洋自西向东穿时洋陆转换阶段:藏北东部在147~120 Ma期间已经开始洋陆转换,并至少在~120 Ma进入碰撞造山,形成大范围的陆相磨拉石沉积(Zhu et al., 2019)和造山后岩浆岩(Hu et al., 2017b),但此时,藏北中西部仍处于俯冲背景下的海相环境,形成了广泛的复理石沉积(~126~113 Ma; Luo et al., 2020,2021). 至~96 Ma,中特提斯洋全域完成洋陆转换,进入陆陆碰撞阶段.

(2)<96 Ma,陆陆碰撞阶段:随着拉萨-南羌塘地体的碰撞,地壳在~90 Ma加厚至最大规模,该时期藏北西部地壳厚度可达50~60 km. 该厚度虽然没有达到青藏高原现今的地壳厚度(中部平均~70~90 km,Murodov et al., 2022),但已超过伊朗高原的地壳厚度(平均~40~50 km,Tunini et al., 2014). ~90 Ma以后,加厚的岩石圈开始拆沉或分层减薄,形成区域上大量的A型花岗岩、双峰式火山岩、OIB型辉长岩、埃达克质岩石等特殊类型的岩浆岩(Wu et al., 2019; 吴浩等, 2024; 周高宇等,2024; Xiao et al., 2025).

4.4 藏北白垩纪洋陆转换和碰撞造山对巨量铜金富集成矿的贡献

藏北班公湖-怒江缝合带及周缘是青藏高原,乃至我国最为重要的成矿带之一(耿全如等,2012),已实现铜、金、铅、锌等多金属矿产的找矿突破,发现矿床(点)600余处,其中尤以铜金矿的找矿成果最为显著(图1;唐菊兴等,2017,2024;Liu et al., 2024). 该区域已勘查的铜金矿床主要形成于早白垩世和晚白垩世两期,分别以超大型的多龙铜金矿集区(122~115 Ma,耿全如等,2012;唐菊兴等,2017,2024;Liu et al., 2024)和尕尔穷-嘎拉勒铜金矿集区(89~87 Ma,Zhang et al., 2015;张志等,2017)为代表. 关于藏北白垩纪两期铜金富集机制和成矿地质背景,目前争议较大. 根据本文对藏北白垩纪构造演化的恢复,提出早白垩世中特提斯洋穿时洋陆转换和晚白垩世造山后伸展促进了藏北白垩纪两期铜金矿床的形成.

(1)中特提斯洋洋陆转换提升了岩浆岩氧逸度,为藏北早白垩世铜金富集创造了有利条件. 通常来说,洋陆转换阶段,随着大洋逐渐闭合,大陆边缘的巨厚沉积楔(包括大陆剥蚀下来的物质)被大规模刮削并带入俯冲系统,会向上部增生楔释放流体/熔体(含硫氧化态、硫酸盐、氧化铁等). 这些流体或熔体含有较高的氧化性组分,有助于提高岩浆熔体的平均氧化态(Kelley and Cottrell, 2009). 本研究根据Trail et al.(2011)方法估算的氧逸度结果亦支持这一认识,吉普三队花岗闪长岩(120 Ma)的lg(fO2)值为-29.4~-9.66,平均-19.8,相比之下松西花岗闪长岩(110 Ma)的lg(fO2)值为-27.4~-12.5,平均-18.8,整体呈现更高的氧化程度. 此外,洋陆转换过程往往造成地壳初步增厚,岩浆在穿过增厚地壳时发生滞留和停留,形成中下地壳岩浆房,经历了更广泛的结晶分异和同化混染作用(Farner and Lee, 2017). 在分异过程中,一些还原性的矿物(如橄榄石、辉石、Fe⁃Ti氧化物)会优先结晶并从熔体中分离,使得残留熔体相对富集挥发分和氧化性组分(如Fe³⁺),岩浆整体氧逸度进一步升高(Brounce et al., 2014). 这类氧化的岩浆会延缓硫化物结晶,为Cu、Au等金属在流体中富集、迁移与沉淀成矿创造有利条件(Richards, 2015). 智利安第斯的El Teniente斑岩铜矿就是洋-陆转换背景下,高fO₂岩浆促成世界级矿床形成的典型案例(Richards, 2011).

(2)碰撞后伸展作用和先存的新生下地壳共同促使了藏北晚白垩世铜金的富集成矿. 陆陆碰撞引发地壳增厚和随后的岩石圈拆沉,增厚下地壳的拆沉会引发软流圈地幔的大规模垂直上涌或者小规模对流循环(Kaislaniemi et al., 2014). 软流圈上涌不仅提供了热能,还可能引入富含挥发分和金属的流体,这些流体在岩石圈地幔中发生交代作用,形成了富含金属的岩石圈地幔,为成矿提供了物质基础(Griffin et al., 2013). 此外北拉萨地体上具有较高εHft)值的新生下地壳,与底侵的高氧化态岩浆共同作用,能够有效抑制岩浆硫化物的形成,从而进一步促使Cu、Au得以在后期集中富集并随岩浆浅成侵位而成矿(Hou et al., 2015;侯增谦等,2025),这很有可能就是尕尔穷-嘎拉勒地区铜金资源巨量富集的原因.

5 结论

古洋盆演化晚期往往是巨量构造-岩浆-成矿作用的集中形成期,对该阶段历史开展深入研究,不但可以丰富和发展板块构造理论,还可以寻找更多矿产资源,服务国民经济. 然而,由于该阶段演化历史极其复杂,如果准确进行恢复是地质学研究的难点之一. 本文基于藏北西部多期次岩浆岩-沉积岩的综合研究,并结合区域地质资料,重建了中特提斯洋演化晚期的洋陆转换和随后的陆陆碰撞造山过程,并探讨了它们与区域巨量铜金资源超常富集成矿的耦合关系和机制. 本文取得主要结论如下:

(1)本文报道了吉普三队和松西地区的I型花岗岩(分别是119 Ma和110 Ma),以及日土地区由富Nb辉长岩和A型花岗岩组成的双峰式火山岩(90 Ma);前者是经历了复杂的MASH过程形成的,后者则是增厚下地壳拆沉引发软流圈地幔上涌,促使新生下地壳部分熔融形成的.

(2)在147~96 Ma期间,中特提斯洋自西向东穿时闭合,其中西段洋陆转换过程发生在110~96 Ma,并随后进入陆陆碰撞阶段,引起地壳显著增厚. 在~90 Ma时,地壳已增厚至50~60 km,超过现今伊朗高原的地壳厚度(平均~40~50 km),预示着显著的地表隆升. 因此,中特提斯洋闭合后拉萨-羌塘地体的陆陆碰撞引发了白垩纪初始高原的形成,它为青藏高原最终的隆升奠定了物质基础. ~90 Ma以后,增厚的下地壳发生拆沉,白垩纪“初始高原”进入造山后伸展阶段.

(3)藏北早白垩世洋陆转换阶段过程中大陆边缘的巨厚沉积楔进入俯冲系统、以及地壳加厚等地质过程促使了岩浆熔体氧逸度的升高,为Cu、Au等金属富集成矿创造了有利条件. 晚白垩世造山后伸展和拉萨地体新生下地壳不但导致了幔源物质上涌,并抑制了岩浆硫化物的形成,最终促使Cu、Au集中富集并随岩浆浅成侵位而成矿.

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(42572261)

中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(XZ202401YD0006)

吉林大学研究生创新基金资助项目(2025CX228)

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