电磁辐散射控制材料与结构研究进展

Recent advances on electromagnetic radiation and scattering control materials and their structures

摘要

电磁辐散射控制材料是一类实现目标电磁特征调控、复杂电磁环境适应等功能的重要功能材料。随着探测系统向宽频、多站、多谱段方向发展，以及通信感知、装备防护和极端环境服役需求的提升，传统依赖单一损耗、单一反射或单一屏蔽机制的材料体系已难以满足应用要求。近年来，在需求牵引和物理机制创新的共同推动下，电磁辐散射控制材料在新型材料体系、人工结构设计、环境稳定服役和智能化设计方法等方面取得了明显进展。该文结合国内外研究动态和国家电磁辐射控制材料工程技术研究中心相关工作，围绕电磁响应自由度拓展、极端环境功能保持、低频超宽带调控和复杂结构智能设计等关键问题，综述了电磁辐散射控制材料。重点分析拓扑、非互易、多场耦合、界面防护、梯度结构、超构表面和数据驱动设计等方法对材料性能提升和应用边界拓展的作用，讨论该领域在多频谱兼容、长寿命服役、低频宽带化和工程部件集成中仍面临的主要问题，并展望其未来发展方向。

Abstract

Electromagnetic radiation and scattering control materials are the key functional materials required for advanced systems to tailor the electromagnetic signatures of targets, adapt to complex electromagnetic environments, and integrate advanced information functionalities. With the evolution of detection systems toward broadband, multistatic, and multispectral operation, together with the increasing demands of integrated communication and sensing, equipment protection, and service under extreme environments, conventional material systems relying on a single loss, reflection, or shielding mechanism can no longer meet emerging application requirements. In recent years, driven jointly by application needs and innovations in physical mechanisms, substantial progress has been achieved in electromagnetic radiation and scattering control materials, particularly in novel material systems, artificial structural design, environmentally stable service, and intelligent design methodologies. This review summarizes recent advances in electromagnetic radiation and scattering control materials and structures by considering both international research progress and related works from the National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials. The discussion focuses on key challenges, including the expansion of electromagnetic response degrees of freedom, the preservation of functionality under extreme environments, low-frequency and ultra-broadband regulation, and intelligent design of complex structures. Particular emphasis is placed on the roles of topology, nonreciprocity, multifield coupling, interfacial protection, gradient structures, metasurfaces, and data-driven design in enhancing material performance and extending application boundaries. The remaining challenges in multispectral compatibility, long-term durability, low-frequency broadband operation, and integration with engineering components are further discussed, followed by an outlook on future development directions in this field.

关键词

电磁辐散射控制材料 / 多频谱兼容 / 非互易调控 / 功能涂层 / 超构表面 / 智能设计

Key words

electromagnetic radiation and scattering control materials / multispectral compatibility / nonreciprocal control / functional coatings / metasurfaces / intelligent design

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(52472147)