超导器件赋能量子传感与探测：原理、进展与前沿应用

Superconducting devices for quantum sensing and detection: Principles, advances, and emerging applications

摘要

超导体具有零电阻、宏观量子相干性、磁通量子化等特征，对微弱的光、热、磁和粒子扰动具有高度敏感性，因而超导器件已成为量子传感与极弱信号探测的重要技术平台。该文系统梳理了超导器件用于量子传感与探测的物理基础、代表性器件类型、关键技术进展及前沿应用。首先介绍了超导器件的基本原理，在此基础上，重点阐述超导纳米线单光子探测器、超导量子干涉器件和超导二极管三类代表性器件的工作机制、性能特点与关键进展。该文还分析了超导器件在工作温度、噪声抑制、器件一致性、大规模读出及系统集成等方面面临的关键挑战，并展望了其向便携化、大规模阵列化和多功能集成化发展的趋势，为超导量子传感与探测技术的进一步研究及应用验证提供参考。

Abstract

Superconductors are characterized by zero electrical resistance, macroscopic quantum coherence, and magnetic flux quantization. Their high sensitivity to weak optical, thermal, magnetic, and particle-induced perturbations has established superconducting devices as an important platform for quantum sensing and ultrasensitive signal detection. This review systematically summarizes the physical mechanisms, representative device types, key advances, and emerging applications of superconducting devices for quantum sensing and detection. It first introduces the fundamental operating principles of superconducting devices and then focuses on the device mechanisms, performance characteristics, and key advances of three representative device classes: superconducting nanowire single photon detectors, superconducting quantum interference devices and superconducting diodes. The key challenges associated with operating temperature, noise suppression, device uniformity, large-scale multiplexed readout, and system integration are further discussed. Finally, future trends toward portable platforms, large-scale arrays, and multifunctional integration are outlined, providing a reference for further research and practical implementation of superconducting quantum sensing and detection technologies.

关键词

超导探测器 / 量子传感 / 单光子探测 / 超导量子干涉器件 / 超导二极管

Key words

superconducting detector / quantum sensing / single photon detection / superconducting quantum interference device / superconducting diode

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(52502332)