肝硬化门脉性肺动脉高压危险因素分析及预测模型构建

匡竞 ,  滕双芩 ,  申彤彤 ,  闫怡然 ,  王玮 ,  申川 ,  赵彩彦

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (09) : 1802 -1806.

PDF (726KB)
临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (09) : 1802 -1806. DOI: 10.12449/JCH240914
肝纤维化及肝硬化

肝硬化门脉性肺动脉高压危险因素分析及预测模型构建

作者信息 +

Risk factors for portopulmonary hypertension in liver cirrhosis and construction of a predictive model

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (742K)

摘要

目的 探索肝硬化门脉性肺动脉高压(POPH)的危险因素,构建无创化预测模型。 方法 回顾性分析2013年1月—2022年8月在河北医科大学第三医院住院的310例肝硬化门静脉高压患者的临床资料,依据超声估测的肺动脉收缩压是否≥40 mmHg分为POPH组(n=31)和非POPH组(n=279)。符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用成组t检验,不符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。应用二元Logistic回归分析筛选独立危险因素,并构建列线图预测模型,采用Bootstrap重抽样法进行内部验证,用C指数和校准曲线评价模型区分度和一致性。用rms包绘制列线图。 结果 与非POPH组相比,POPH组平均年龄偏小,女性、肝性脑病、Child-Pugh C级占比较高,DBil、MELD评分、ALBI评分、国际标准化比值、凝血酶原时间、FIB-4指数、LOK评分、Forns指数较高,但Alb、ALT、GGT、血红蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平较低,差异均具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,性别(OR=0.172,95%CI:0.064~0.462,P<0.001)、年龄(OR=0.944,95%CI:0.901~0.989,P=0.016)、ALBI评分(OR=3.091,95%CI:1.100~8.687,P=0.032)和肝性脑病(OR=3.466,95%CI:1.331~9.031,P=0.011)是POPH的独立影响因素。基于以上危险因素建立的肝硬化POPH预测模型的C指数为0.796(95%CI:0.701~0.890),提示模型区分度良好,校准曲线显示模型校准能力较好,提示模型具有一定预测效能。 结论 年轻女性、ALBI评分升高、合并肝性脑病是肝硬化患者发生POPH的独立危险因素,基于上述因素建立的预测模型具有一定的临床应用价值。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the risk factors for portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) in liver cirrhosis, and to construct a noninvasive predictive model. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 310 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension who were hospitalized in The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2013 to August 2022, and according to whether pulmonary artery systolic pressure was ≥40 mmHg on ultrasound, the patients were divided into POPH group with 31 patients and non-POPH group with 279 patients. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. A binary Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors for POPH, and a nomogram prediction model was constructed. The Bootstrap resampling method was used for internal validation, and C-index and calibration curve were used to assess the discriminatory ability and consistency of the model. The rms package was used to plot the nomogram. Results Compared with the non-POPH group, the POPH group had a significantly younger age, a significantly higher proportion of women or patients with hepatic encephalopathy or Child-Pugh class C disease, and significantly higher levels of direct bilirubin, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score, international normalized ratio, prothrombin time, FIB-4 index, LOK score, and Forns index, as well as significantly lower levels of serum albumin, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides (all P<0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that sex (odds ratio [OR]=0.172, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.064‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.462, P<0.001), age (OR=0.944, 95%CI: 0.901‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.989, P=0.016), ALBI score (OR=3.091, 95%CI: 1.100‍ ‍—‍ ‍8.687, P=0.032), and hepatic encephalopathy (OR=3.466, 95%CI: 1.331‍ ‍—‍ ‍9.031, P=0.011) were independent risk factors for POPH. A predictive model for POPH in liver cirrhosis was established based on the above independent risk factors, with a C-index of 0.796 (95%CI: 0.701‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.890), suggesting that the model had good discriminatory ability, and the calibration curve showed that the model had good calibration ability, suggesting that the model had certain predictive efficacy. Conclusion Young female individuals, elevated ALBI score, and comorbidity with hepatic encephalopathy are independent risk factors for POPH in patients with liver cirrhosis, and the predictive model established based on these factors has a certain clinical application value.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肝硬化 / 高血压, 门静脉 / 肺动脉高压 / 危险因素 / 列线图

Key words

Liver Cirrhosis / Hypertension, Portal / Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension / Risk Factors / Nomograms

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
匡竞,滕双芩,申彤彤,闫怡然,王玮,申川,赵彩彦. 肝硬化门脉性肺动脉高压危险因素分析及预测模型构建[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(09): 1802-1806 DOI:10.12449/JCH240914

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

门脉性肺动脉高压(portopulmonary hypertension,POPH)是指在门静脉高压基础上发生的肺动脉高压(pulmonary artery hypertension,PAH),最常见于各种原因所致的肝炎肝硬化。该病在人群中患病率低,流行数据缺乏。据统计,在晚期肝病等待肝移植的患者中POPH占5.3%~8.5%1,而截至2017年,全球约有1 060万失代偿期肝硬化患者2,若按此比例,世界范围内将有大量POPH患者。POPH的危险因素存在一定争议,若能明确危险因素,将有助于降低其发病率和死亡率。此外,该病临床表现缺乏特异性,诊断需靠有创的右心导管检查(right heart catheterization,RHC),临床上多用经胸多普勒超声心动图(transthoracic doppler echocardiography,TDE)筛查,但准确性不及RHC。POPH治疗困难,肝移植是最有效的方法。然而,PAH严重程度与肝移植成功率密切相关,肝移植前肺血管阻力≥1.6 Woods时,死亡风险增加1倍以上,当平均肺动脉压≥50 mmHg时,病死率高达100%3。可见,POPH的管理仍面临巨大挑战。因此,本研究通过探究该病的危险因素,建立无创化预测模型,有助于临床早期识别POPH,为早期肝移植创造机会,提高患者存活率。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

本研究为回顾性病例对照研究,选取2013年1月—2022年8月在本院住院的肝硬化门静脉高压患者,根据TDE结果分为POPH组和非POPH组。

1.2 纳入标准

(1)依据2019年《肝硬化诊治指南》4,诊断符合肝硬化门静脉高压;(2)行TDE检查,参考2009年美国心脏病学会专家共识5,TDE估测的肺动脉收缩压≥40 mmHg诊断为PAH。

1.3 排除标准

(1)排除非肝硬化导致的门静脉高压,如肝小静脉闭塞症、布加综合征等;(2)排除肺源性、心源性、结缔组织病等可致PAH的疾病;(3)排除合并感染、休克、肝移植术后、年龄<18周岁、临床资料不完整的患者。

1.4 观察指标

(1)人口学资料:性别、年龄等;(2)实验室检查:血常规、血生化、凝血指标;(3)TDE结果;(4)计算肝功能相关评分:依据2019年《肝硬化诊治指南》4及相关文献6,计算Child-Pugh分级,终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分,ALBI评分=0.66×log10[TBil(μmol/L)]-0.085×[Alb(g/L)]。

1.5 门静脉高压和肝纤维化预测评分

参考国内外相关文献7-8:APRI=(AST/正常值上限×100)/血小板计数;LOK评分=-5.56-0.008 9×血小板计数+1.26×(AST/ALT)+5.27×国际标准化比值;FIB-4指数=年龄×AST/(血小板计数×ALT);S指数=1 000×GGT/(血小板计数×Alb2);Forns指数=7.811-3.131×ln(血小板计数)+0.781×ln(GGT)+3.467×ln(年龄)-0.014×(总胆固醇)。

1.6 统计学方法

使用SPSS 26.0软件分析数据。符合正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,2组间比较采用成组t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以MP25P75)表示,2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验。计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。筛选P<0.05的因素,并进行多重共线性诊断,将不存在多重共线性的指标进行二元Logistic回归分析,筛选独立危险因素,基于独立危险因素构建肝硬化POPH预测模型。在R 4.2.2软件中用Bootstrap法进行内部验证,根据C指数和校准曲线评价模型区分度和一致性。利用rms包绘制列线图。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 肝硬化门静脉高压患者的一般临床特征

共筛选肝硬化门静脉高压患者2 000例,符合入组条件者310例,男198例(63.9%),女112例(36.1%),平均年龄(55.77±9.87)岁。其中POPH组31例,平均年龄(52.39±13.00)岁,肺动脉收缩压中位数为47 mmHg;非POPH组279例,平均年龄(56.14±9.41)岁。与非POPH组相比,POPH组平均年龄偏小,女性、肝性脑病、Child-Pugh C级占比较高,DBil、MELD评分、ALBI评分、国际标准化比值、凝血酶原时间、FIB-4指数、LOK评分、Forns指数较高,但Alb、ALT、GGT、血红蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平较低,差异均具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),提示POPH组肝功能、凝血功能较差。两组患者的肝病病因相似,以慢性乙型肝炎最多见(表1)。

2.2 肝硬化POPH多因素分析结果

将单因素分析P<0.05的因素纳入多因素分析,筛选策略选择Enter法,由于Alb与ALBI评分存在多重共线性(VIF>10),故舍弃Alb,结果显示性别、年龄、ALBI评分和肝性脑病是肝硬化POPH的独立影响因素(P值均<0.05)(表2)。

2.3 肝硬化POPH预测模型的构建、验证与评价

基于性别、年龄、ALBI评分、肝性脑病4个独立影响因素构建预测模型,利用Bootstrap法进行内部验证,结果显示C指数为0.796(95%CI:0.701~0.890),提示预测模型区分度良好。校准曲线如图1所示,图中校准曲线与理想标准曲线较为接近,提示预测模型校准度较好。同样,该模型经Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验,χ2=9.748,P=0.283,说明模型拟合程度高,符合校准曲线图中的结果。

2.4 肝硬化POPH预测模型的可视化

利用rms包绘制列线图(图2),图中的“Points”为单项得分,表示自变量在不同取值下的得分,所有自变量得分总和即为图中“Total Points”,据此可对应获取发生POPH的概率。

3 讨论

既往研究9-10认为年龄小、女性、自身免疫性肝炎的患者更易患POPH,本研究发现年龄小、女性是肝硬化POPH的危险因素,尚未发现与自身免疫性肝病相关,这可能与样本量大小和分布有关。年龄小、女性患者POPH风险增加与雌激素水平及免疫紊乱有关。年轻女性雌激素水平较高,且慢性肝病时雌激素灭活减少,由此形成的高雌激素水平将增加自身免疫性疾病发病11,从而增加POPH风险。此外,编码雌激素受体1基因多态性12、雌激素及其代谢物水平均与POPH风险相关13

目前,大多数研究914认为POPH的发生与肝功能严重程度(Child-Pugh评分、MELD评分)无关。但近期一项研究15发现ALBI评分、MELD评分均与POPH的严重程度呈正相关。本研究中POPH与ALBI评分独立相关,尚未发现与MELD评分和Child-Pugh分级独立相关,但POPH组MELD评分升高、Child-Pugh C级占比增加,因此,不同的肝功能评分对POPH的预测能力不同。ALBI评分基于Alb和胆红素,最早用于评估肝癌患者的肝功能和预后16,近年发现其对慢性丙型肝炎肝纤维化分期和预后17、原发性胆汁性胆管炎预后18、慢性乙型肝炎预后19等均具有较好的预测能力。与Child-Pugh分级相比,ALBI评分消除了主观因素对腹水、肝性脑病判定的影响,能更客观地评估肝功能20,而MELD评分主要用于评估晚期慢性肝病患者。Alb具有抗氧化的功能,慢性肝病患者Alb下降、胆红素升高会降低抗氧化能力,激活芳香烃受体,从而促进POPH的发生15

本研究还发现肝性脑病是肝硬化POPH的独立危险因素(OR=3.466,P=0.011),在列线图中具有较高权重。和健康对照组、无肝性脑病的肝硬化患者相比,肝性脑病患者肠道微生物组明显改变21,内毒素水平明显升高22,肠道微生物的代谢产物变化如短链脂肪酸减少、三甲胺-N-氧化物和血清素增加等通过激活信号通路促进肺血管炎症和重塑,导致PAH的发生,长期而严重的PAH可导致肠静脉淤血,进一步加重肠道菌群失调,形成恶性循环。另外,在PAH动物模型和患者中同样观察到肠道菌群改变,提示肠道菌群改变促进PAH的发展23。因此,肝性脑病患者PAH风险增加。

目前尚不清楚门静脉高压及肝硬化严重程度与POPH的关系,已开发出的APRI、FIB-4指数24、Forns指数、LOK评分7、S指数8等对门静脉高压和肝纤维化具有一定的预测能力,本研究探究了上述无创化评分与POPH的关系,差异无统计学意义,侧面说明门静脉高压和肝纤维化严重程度可能与POPH无关。

POPH危险因素不明确,无创化诊断困难,疾病发展累及心肺时死亡率高,预后差。因此,对于门静脉高压患者,尤其是年轻女性、ALBI评分高、合并肝性脑病的患者,POPH发生风险增加,应积极改善肝功能,预防肝性脑病。此外,应积极探索POPH更多的特异性指标,进一步优化预测模型,提高诊断效能,更好地服务于临床。

本研究具有一定的局限性:(1)PAH的诊断采用TDE,准确性不及RHC,但由于RHC为有创性检查,应用较少,故TDE仍为首选方法。(2)由于POPH发病率低,研究纳入例数较少,导致两组人群例数相差较大,结果可能存在偏倚。(3)门静脉高压与PAH共存时,POPH的诊断需结合RHC检查等进一步综合评估,并除外心肺疾病的潜在病因,如特发性PAH。(4)该预测模型仅进行内部验证,未进行外部验证,故模型推广应用受限。

参考文献

[1]

KHADERI S, KHAN R, SAFDAR Z, et al. Long-term follow-up of portopulmonary hypertension patients after liver transplantation[J]. Liver Transpl, 2014, 20(6): 724-727. DOI: 10.1002/lt.23870 .

[2]

GBD Cirrhosis Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017[J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 5(3): 245-266. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30349-8 .

[3]

JOSE A, SHAH SA, ANWAR N, et al. Pulmonary vascular resistance predicts mortality and graft failure in transplantation patients with portopulmonary hypertension[J]. Liver Transpl, 2021, 27(12): 1811-1823. DOI: 10.1002/lt.26091 .

[4]

Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese guidelines on the management of liver cirrhosis[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2019, 35(11): 2408-2425. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.11.006 .

[5]

中华医学会肝病学分会. 肝硬化诊治指南[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2019, 35(11): 2408-2425. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.11.006 .

[6]

MCLAUGHLIN VV, ARCHER SL, BADESCH DB, et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 53(17): 1573-1619. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.01.004 .

[7]

TU Y, LI X, CHEN MJ, et al. Value of platelet count and related scoring models in predicting the prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2023, 39(6): 1308-1312. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.06.009 .

[8]

涂颖, 李雪, 陈美娟, . 血小板计数及相关评分模型对HBV相关慢加急性肝衰竭预后的预测价值[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2023, 39(6): 1308-1312. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.06.009 .

[9]

WANG L, FENG YM, MA XW, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of noninvasive liver fibrosis indexes in predicting portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis[J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(8): e0182969. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182969 .

[10]

MA LJ, HE C. The relationship between APRI and S index and Child Pugh in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis[J]. Chin Hepatol, 2019, 24(4): 448-449. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2019.04.032 .

[11]

马丽君, 何聪. APRI及S指数与乙型肝炎肝硬化Child-Pugh肝功能分级的关系[J]. 肝脏, 2019, 24(4): 448-449. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2019.04.032 .

[12]

KAWUT SM, KROWKA MJ, TROTTER JF, et al. Clinical risk factors for portopulmonary hypertension[J]. Hepatology, 2008, 48(1): 196-203. DOI: 10.1002/hep.22275 .

[13]

CASTAÑO G, SOOKOIAN S. Female sex and autoimmune hepatitis and the risk of portopulmonary hypertension[J]. Hepatology, 2008, 48(6): 2090. DOI: 10.1002/hep.22599 .

[14]

DUBROCK HM, CARTIN-CEBA R, CHANNICK RN, et al. Sex differences in portopulmonary hypertension[J]. Chest, 2021, 159(1): 328-336. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.081 .

[15]

ROBERTS KE, FALLON MB, KROWKA MJ, et al. Genetic risk factors for portopulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced liver disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2009, 179(9): 835-842. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200809-1472OC .

[16]

AL-NAAMANI N, KROWKA MJ, FORDE KA, et al. Estrogen signaling and portopulmonary hypertension: The pulmonary vascular complications of liver disease study (PVCLD2)[J]. Hepatology, 2021, 73(2): 726-737. DOI: 10.1002/hep.31314 .

[17]

SHAO YM, YIN X, QIN TT, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of portopulmonary hypertension in patients with portal hypertension: A case-control study[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2021, 2021: 5595614. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5595614 .

[18]

KAWAGUCHI T, HONDA A, SUGIYAMA Y, et al. Association between the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score and severity of portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH): A data-mining analysis[J]. Hepatol Res, 2021, 51(12): 1207-1218. DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13714 .

[19]

JOHNSON PJ, BERHANE S, KAGEBAYASHI C, et al. Assessment of liver function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A new evidence-based approach-the ALBI grade[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2015, 33(6): 550-558. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.57.9151 .

[20]

FUJITA K, OURA K, YONEYAMA H, et al. Albumin-bilirubin score indicates liver fibrosis staging and prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C[J]. Hepatol Res, 2019, 49(7): 731-742. DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13333 .

[21]

YAMASHITA Y, UMEMURA T, KIMURA T, et al. Prognostic utility of albumin-bilirubin grade in Japanese patients with primary biliary cholangitis[J]. JHEP Rep, 2022, 5(4): 100662. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100662 .

[22]

WANG J, ZHANG ZP, YAN XM, et al. Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) as an accurate and simple prognostic score for chronic hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2019, 51(8): 1172-1178. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.01.011 .

[23]

WANG YY, ZHONG JH, SU ZY, et al. Albumin-bilirubin versus Child-Pugh score as a predictor of outcome after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Br J Surg, 2016, 103(6): 725-734. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10095 .

[24]

BAJAJ JS, RIDLON JM, HYLEMON PB, et al. Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2012, 302(1): G168-G175. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00190.2011 .

[25]

JAIN L, SHARMA BC, SHARMA P, et al. Serum endotoxin and inflammatory mediators in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2012, 44(12): 1027-1031. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.07.002 .

[26]

CHEN YH, YUAN W, MENG LK, et al. The role and mechanism of gut microbiota in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J]. Nutrients, 2022, 14(20): 4278. DOI: 10.3390/nu14204278 .

[27]

ISHIDA K, NAMISAKI T, MURATA K, et al. Accuracy of fibrosis-4 index in identification of patients with cirrhosis who could potentially avoid variceal screening endoscopy[J]. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(11): 3510. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113510 .

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (726KB)

376

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/