术前ALT/AST联合多期CT影像学指标对胰十二指肠切除术后临床相关胰瘘的预测价值

潘均昊 ,  辛建 ,  王春晖

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (09) : 1859 -1867.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (09) : 1859 -1867. DOI: 10.12449/JCH240922
胰腺疾病

术前ALT/AST联合多期CT影像学指标对胰十二指肠切除术后临床相关胰瘘的预测价值

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Value of preoperative alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase combined with multi-phase CT radiological indicators in predicting clinically relevant pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy

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摘要

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后发生临床相关胰瘘(CR-POPF)的危险因素,并建立预测模型,对CR-POPF患者进行早期预测。 方法 选取北部战区总医院2019年1月—2023年10月244例行胰十二指肠切除术的患者,经过严格的纳入排除标准筛选后最终纳入179例患者,根据是否发生CR-POPF分为非CR-POPF组(n=120)和CR-POPF组(n=59)。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析确定CR-POPF相关的独立危险因素,并构建列线图。采用受试者工作特征曲线评价预测效果,校准曲线评价模型校准度,用临床决策曲线和临床影响曲线分析验证模型的临床应用价值。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法;计量资料符合正态分布的2组间比较采用成组t检验,偏态分布的2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。 结果 179例患者中59例发生CR-POPF,发生率为33.0%。经过多因素Logistic分析确定术后CR-POPF的独立危险因素:较大的ALT/AST(OR=2.221,P=0.004)、主胰管直径≤3 mm(OR=0.276,P=0.022)、较大的腹膜胰颈前距离(OR=1.034,P=0.027)、较小的细胞外体积分数(OR=0.001,P=0.005)。根据上述4个独立危险因素构建预测胰十二指肠术后CR-POPF的列线图,该模型的受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.837,敏感度为0.932,特异度为0.725。决策曲线和影响曲线的结果也显示该列线图具有良好的临床实用性。 结论 术前临床指标联合多期CT共同预测胰十二指肠切除术后CR-POPF的模型效能良好,可以在术前对胰瘘高危患者进行早期识别,进一步指导临床工作。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the risk factors for clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (CR-POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), and to establish a predictive model for early identification of CR-POPF. Methods A total of 244 patients who underwent PD in General Hospital of Northern Theater Command from January 2019 to October 2023 were collected, and based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 179 patients were finally enrolled in this study. According to the presence or absence of CR-POPF, these patients were divided into non-CR-POPF group with 120 patients and CR-POPF group with 59 patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the independent risk factors for CR-POPF, and a nomogram model was established based on such factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the predictive performance of the model, the calibration curve was used to evaluate the calibration degree of the model, and the clinical decision curve and the clinical impact curve were used to analyze and validate the clinical application value of the model. The chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; the independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data with skewed distribution between two groups. Results Among the 179 patients, 59 (33.0%) developed CR-POPF. The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (odds ratio [OR]=2.221, P=0.004), main pancreatic duct diameter (OR=0.276, P=0.022), the distance between the peritoneum and the anterior pancreatic neck (OR=1.034, P=0.027), and extracellular volume fraction (OR=0.001, P=0.005) were independent risk factors for CR-POPF. Based on the above four independent risk factors, a nomogram was established to predict CR-POPF after PD, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.837, a sensitivity of 0.932, and a specificity of 0.725. The decision curve and the clinical impact curve also showed that the nomogram had good clinical practicability. Conclusion Preoperative clinical indicators combined with multi-phase CT have a good performance in predicting CR-POPF after PD, which can be used to early identify patients at high risk of pancreatic fistula before surgery and provide further guidance for clinical work.

Graphical abstract

关键词

胰十二指肠切除术 / 计算机断层扫描 / 危险因素 / 胰腺瘘 / 列线图

Key words

Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Computed Tomography / Risk Factors / Pancreatic Fistula / Nomograms

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潘均昊,辛建,王春晖. 术前ALT/AST联合多期CT影像学指标对胰十二指肠切除术后临床相关胰瘘的预测价值[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(09): 1859-1867 DOI:10.12449/JCH240922

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胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)常用于胰头、壶腹部、远端胆管的良恶性肿瘤,手术步骤复杂,涉及脏器较多,手术时间长,术前多数患者的基础状态较差,常伴有肝功能异常、梗阻性黄疸等症状,术后并发症繁多,其中包括胰瘘、胆瘘、出血、腹腔感染、胃排空延迟、肺部并发症等1-3。随着医学技术的进步,术后胰瘘的发生率明显下降,但在大型的医学研究中心,其发生率仍在3%~45%4。术后胰瘘为其他并发症的始动因素,长时间的胰瘘会引起腹腔感染、腹腔出血等并发症,严重的会造成多器官衰竭和死亡,并常常延长患者的住院时间,增加经济及心理负担5-6。因此,术前预测PD术后胰瘘可以帮助外科医生对胰瘘高危患者进行干预处理,在围手术期进行个体化治疗。
术后胰瘘的危险因素有很多,包括较高的身体质量指数(BMI)、较小的主胰管直径、较软的胰腺质地、术前胰腺CT值较低、术后第1天腹腔引流液淀粉酶等7-11,各种预测模型也不尽相同12-16。但大多数预测模型包括了术前、术中、术后的指标,尽管预测效能良好,但无法在手术之前识别胰瘘高危患者,很难应用这些模型在术前为患者制订治疗策略。细胞外体积(extracellular volume,ECV)分数代表血管内空间分数和细胞与血管之间的组织间隙体积分数之和,碘化造影剂可自由穿过血管内和血管外-细胞外空间17。ECV分数可以通过增强CT来计算,其与组织纤维化之间存在相关性,目前ECV分数在心脏及肝脏领域应用广泛17-21。近年来也有研究22-23发现其与PD术后胰瘘有着密切关系,但并未用于构建预测模型。本研究旨在应用术前易得的临床和CT指标绘制列线图,来进行胰瘘的预测。

1 资料和方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性选取北部战区总医院2019年1月—2023年10月244例行PD的患者。纳入标准:(1)术前CT和临床资料完整的患者;(2)术中探查未发现转移,且术式为PD。排除标准:(1)CT图像不清晰影响测量的患者;(2)CT提示胰腺重度萎缩或未见明确胰腺实质患者;(3)排除增强CT检查与手术治疗间隔时间超过1个月的患者。按照纳入和排除标准,排除术前CT影像学资料或临床资料缺失、CT检查与手术间隔超过1个月的患者47例,排除图像显示不清或胰腺重度萎缩患者18例,最终纳入179例患者进行分析。

1.2 围手术期管理

所有PD手术均由经验丰富的胰腺外科主任医师操作(年手术量≥20例),手术方式中开腹手术129例,腹腔镜手术50例,消化道重建方式均为child方式,手术结束后常规于胆肠吻合口后方和胰肠吻合口周围放置2枚腹腔引流管。术前30 min及术后常规预防性使用抗生素,术后常规进行抑酸、抑酶、营养支持等对症治疗,常规复查CT及血液生化指标。依照《胰腺术后外科常见并发症诊治及预防的专家共识(2017)》24拔除腹部引流管。

1.3 胰瘘诊断标准

参照国际胰腺外科研究小组(ISGPS)的标准4,胰瘘为术后≥3 d,任何可测得的腹腔引流液淀粉酶值高于正常血淀粉酶值上限的3倍,且与临床预后相关。其中B、C级胰瘘统称为临床相关胰瘘(clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula,CR-POPF)。因A级胰瘘虽有淀粉酶的升高但不影响患者预后,将其称为生化瘘。生化瘘与无胰瘘统称为非CR-POPF。

1.4 研究方法

1.4.1 收集资料

收集患者性别、年龄、糖尿病史、高血压病史、BMI、手术方式、术前是否减黄等资料。实验室指标包括:术前血细胞比容,术前血红蛋白,术前前白蛋白,术前白蛋白,术前总胆红素,术前ALT、AST、ALT与AST比值及CA19-9。CT影像学资料包括:是否存在血管侵犯、胰腺平扫期、动脉期、门静脉期、平衡期CT值,主动脉平扫期、平衡期CT值,肝脏、脾脏平扫期CT值,胰腺肝脏平扫期CT值之比,胰腺脾脏平扫期CT值之比,肾后脂肪厚度,脐周脂肪厚度,腹膜胰颈前距离,ECV分数。

1.4.2 CT相关指标的测量方法

所有患者术前均行腹部增强CT扫描,行增强CT检查前均禁食水6~8 h,扫描仪器为通用GE宝石光谱或飞利浦256层,扫描厚度5 mm,层间距5 mm,重建厚度1.25 mm。增强扫描经肘正中静脉注射80 mL碘帕醇增强剂,速率3.0 mL/s,后延迟扫描,动脉期、门静脉期和延迟期图像分别在注射造影剂后27、77和130 s采集。扫描结束后原始图像重建后上传至图像储存系统,发送至A-site系统进行图像分析。由2名经验丰富的外科医生回顾所有纳入研究人群的CT影像,对患者信息、实验室检查、手术结果和研究结果并不知情。2名测量人员分别测量平扫期、动脉期、门静脉期和平衡期胰腺CT值(hounsfield,Hu)。选取层面为脾静脉汇入门静脉层面,在胰腺拟切除部位,于主胰管的腹侧和背侧各勾画一个面积为1 cm2的感兴趣区域(region of interest,ROI),ROI的选取尽量避开非胰腺实质区域,最终取这2个ROI的CT值的平均值作为该期胰腺的CT值,其他时相测量方法同前。在该层面同样于腹主动脉中心处勾画一个面积为1 cm2的ROI,将其CT值作为该期腹主动脉的CT值。继续于该平面测量2次主胰管最宽处直径,取平均值作为该患者主胰管直径。如果该平面主胰管直径显示不佳,则选取临近横断面进行测量,方法同前。肝脏和脾脏CT值的测量通过在器官实质处,尽量避开血管和胆管,勾画2个面积为1 cm2的ROI,然后取平均值后作为其CT值25-26。连接胰颈和腹膜之间的垂直距离被称为腹膜胰颈前距离27。脐周脂肪厚度的测量方式为在脐部水平测量腹直肌内侧缘与皮肤之间的垂直距离。肾后脂肪厚度的测量方式为左肾静脉平面左肾背膜至后腹壁的垂直距离28。上述测量指标如若存在任何差异,通过2位评审人共识解决。ECV分数的计算方法:ECV(%)=(1-血细胞比容)×(ΔHu胰腺/ΔHu主动脉)×100%。其中ΔHu胰腺为平衡期胰腺CT值与平扫期胰腺CT值之差,ΔHu主动脉为平衡期主动脉CT值与平扫期主动脉CT值之差,分别代表胰腺和主动脉绝对增强。各个指标测量方法见图1

1.5 统计学方法

本研究采用SPSS 26.0和R 4.2.1软件进行统计数据分析。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法;计量资料如符合正态分布以x¯±s表示,2组间比较则采用成组t检验,偏态分布的计量资料以MP25P75)表示,2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。将单因素分析中具有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,寻找出影响CR-POPF的独立危险因素。R软件绘制ROC曲线,并计算AUC值,评价单个指标及联合预测的准确性,根据独立危险因素绘制列线图,1 000个Bootstrap样本进行重抽样内部验证并绘制校正曲线评价该模型校准度,临床决策曲线及临床影响曲线评价该模型临床应用价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 基本特征

本研究共纳入179例患者,其中女63例(35.2%),男116例(64.8%),中位年龄62岁。依据CR-POPF诊断标准,59例出现CR-POPF,120例为非CR-POPF。主胰管直径≤3 mm患者120例,腹膜胰颈前距离均值为50.43 mm,ECV分数的中位数为33.0%。所有患者的基线资料见表1

2.2 CR-POPF的独立危险因素

单因素分析结果,ALT/AST、主胰管直径、胰腺平衡期CT值、肾后脂肪厚度、脐周脂肪厚度、腹膜胰颈前距离、ECV分数在非CR-POPF组和CR-POP组之间的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表2)。将上述指标纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,较大的ALT/AST(P=0.004)、主胰管直径≤3 mm(P=0.022)、较大的腹膜胰颈前距离(P=0.027),较小的ECV分数(P=0.005)均为术后CR-POPF的独立危险因素(表3)。

2.3 构建列线图

利用多因素Logistic回归分析结果得出的独立危险因素构建列线图(图2),该模型展示出了良好的预测性能,C指数为0.837(0.766~0.898)。校准图提示预测模型具有一定的稳定性(图3)。进一步比较各个危险因素的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)和阴性预测值(NPV)(表4),确定列线图总评分的最佳临界值;列线图的AUC为0.837,高于各单项指标(ALT/AST:0.647、主胰管直径:0.645、腹膜胰颈前距离:0.686、ECV分数:0.778)(图4);列线图预测CR-POPF的敏感度为0.932,特异度为0.725,PPV为0.625,NPV为0.956,表明列线图具有更好的判别性能。通过决策曲线和临床影响曲线验证了该模型的临床应用价值,显示出较大的临床净收益,这进一步证明列线图具有更好的预测价值和准确性(图5)。

3 讨论

PD术后CR-POPF一直是研究的热点和难点,目前大多数关于术后胰瘘的预测模型如FRS评分等包括了术中及术后因素,如胰腺质地、术中失血量、术后病理等29-30。这些预测模型虽然有着较好的预测效能,但却无法在术前使用。术前早期识别胰瘘高危患者,可以制订更加详实的手术计划、更加谨慎地签署知情同意书、进行更加个体化的术后管理。目前少有利用术前临床和影像学指标构建列线图来预测CR-POPF,本研究列线图利用术前临床易得的客观指标进行预测,并发现其展示了良好的预测效能,在临床实际应用中简单方便。

腹膜胰颈前距离可反应胰颈与腹膜之间的脂肪厚度,该处脂肪增多会增加手术探查及胰肠吻合的难度,亦会影响术后吻合口的愈合,该指标在术前容易获得并且测量方式简单。既往研究27表明,在内脏型肥胖患者中,该指标明显增高,CR-POPF的概率更大。

本研究发现ALT和AST比值与术后CR-POPF关系密切,并且为其独立危险因素(OR=2.221,P=0.004)。既往一项大型队列研究31表明(共纳入8 097例患者),ALT/AST为非酒精性脂肪胰的独立危险因素。胰腺脂肪浸润会导致胰肠吻合口处机械阻力降低,过多的脂肪也会造成慢性炎症反应,影响组织的愈合速度32-34。目前关于术前肝功能相关指标与术后CR-POPF二者之间的关系存在一定争议,王振勇等35研究表明,术前高胆红素是LPD术后CR-POPF的独立危险因素,本研究并未发现术前总胆红素与术后CR-POPF之间存在统计学意义,有关二者之间的联系仍需大样本、多中心的研究来进一步证明。PD患者术前常常伴有黄疸及转氨酶的升高,目前关于ALT与AST和CR-POPF之间的研究较少,Sert等36研究表明术前高ALT、AST为术后胰瘘的危险因素,但该研究样本量较小(50例)。本研究中单因素分析并未发现ALT、AST与CR-POPF之间存在统计学差异,但将两指标联合起来(ALT/AST)却是CR-POPF的独立危险因素。既往并未有报道ALT/AST这一指标与CR-POPF的关系,本研究发现二者具有相关性,并将其纳入列线图中,未来需要多中心、大样本的研究来进一步探讨该指标与CR-POPF的关系。

主胰管直径作为目前公认的CR-POPF的危险因素,本研究结果与既往研究结果相同37。由于粗大的胰管直径会降低胰肠吻合的难度,胰管黏膜与空肠黏膜吻合更加确切且胰液通过吻合口时较通畅,因此术后CR-POPF的发生率较低41338。CT为PD术前的常规检查,利用CT测量该指标简单易得,因此可以在术前测量患者的主胰管直径,然后利用模型对术后CR-POPF进行预测。

随着CT、MRI的普及,ECV分数的应用日益广泛。研究39-41表明ECV与恶性肿瘤、肝纤维化、心肌组织水平等存在关联。Sofue等23研究表明,利用多期CE-CT的ECV分数可以无创地估计胰腺纤维化的组织学分级。此外,ECV分数有助于预测PD术后胰瘘的发生及风险分层。在重度纤维化的胰腺中,ECV分数明显升高。由于重度纤维化的胰腺外分泌功能降低,胰腺质地较硬,发生CR-POPF的可能性较小。Zhu等22利用高分辨率多频磁共振弹性成像发现ECV分数为CR-POPF的预测因子,在一定程度上与胰腺硬度相关。既往的预测模型中,很少纳入这一指标。本研究发现ECV分数为术后CR-POPF的独立危险因素,并将其纳入至列线图中,发现其预测效能良好,且ECV分数的计算所需指标均为术前易得指标,可供外科医生参考。

本研究列线图使用的变量均为术前临床方便获得指标,并展示了良好的预测效能。相比于术后发生胰瘘时所采取补救性治疗,术前识别胰瘘高危患者可以制定更加详实的手术策略及术后个体化治疗,如术中放置胰管支架管、适合的胰肠吻合方式、积极的腹腔引流,术后早期应用生长抑素,积极测量腹腔引流液的淀粉酶、早期复查腹部CT、引流液细菌培养等,以防止高危患者出现胰瘘后的进一步发展,如腹腔感染、出血等。

本研究存在一定的局限性。首先这是一项单中心回顾性研究,样本量较小,缺少外部验证,这可能导致预测模型在准确度方面存在一定的偏倚。未来需要前瞻性、大样本、多中心的研究进一步提高该模型的预测能力和稳定性。此外需要说明的是本研究CR-POPF的发生率为33.0%,可能相比较其他中心较高,这可能与排除了一些胰腺重度萎缩的患者有关,因为这些患者往往不伴有胰瘘。

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基金资助

辽宁省自然科学基金(2021JH2/10300084)

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