ALBI、EZ-ALBI及PALBI评分对HCV相关肝细胞癌患者中期预后的预测价值分析

木唤 ,  张映媛 ,  许丹青 ,  何愿强 ,  牟春燕 ,  刘春云 ,  刘立

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (05) : 921 -926.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (05) : 921 -926. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250518
肝脏肿瘤

ALBI、EZ-ALBI及PALBI评分对HCV相关肝细胞癌患者中期预后的预测价值分析

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Value of albumin-bilirubin, easy albumin-bilirubin, and platelet-albumin-bilirubin scores in predicting the prognosis of patients with HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma

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摘要

目的 探讨白蛋白-胆红素(ALBI)、简易白蛋白-胆红素(EZ-ALBI)及血小板-白蛋白-胆红素(PALBI)评分对HCV相关肝细胞癌(HCV-HCC)患者2年生存期的预测价值。 方法 回顾性分析2020年1月—2022年1月于昆明市第三人民医院住院治疗的174例HCV-HCC患者临床资料,随访时间为入院后2年。根据随访结果将患者分为生存组(n=95)和死亡组(n=79)。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用单因素和多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析HCV-HCC患者生存的影响因素。通过Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,分析不同EZ-ALBI分级HCV-HCC患者的2年生存率,并使用Log-rank检验进行组间比较。 结果 生存组与死亡组患者比较,PLT、AST、TBil、Alb、AFP、前白蛋白、凝血酶原时间、国际标准化比值、PALBI评分、ALBI评分、EZ-ALBI评分、终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分、HCV基因分型、腹腔积液、血管侵犯差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。单因素Cox回归分析结果显示,AST、Alb、AFP、ALBI评分、EZ-ALBI评分、PALBI评分、MELD评分、巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期和腹腔积液是患者生存的影响因素(P值均<0.05);进一步多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,EZ-ALBI评分(HR=1.850,95%CI:1.054~3.247,P=0.032)和腹腔积液(HR=1.993,95%CI:1.030~3.858,P=0.041)是HCV-HCC患者生存的独立危险因素。生存曲线分析结果显示,EZ-ALBI 1级、2级、3级患者的2年生存率分别为90.9%、60.2%和32.2%,不同EZ-ALBI分级患者累积生存率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.294,P<0.001)。 结论 EZ-ALBI评分及有无腹腔积液可作为HCV-HCC患者生存情况的预测指标。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the value of albumin-bilirubin (ALBI), easy albumin-bilirubin (EZ-ALBI), and platelet-albumin-bilirubin (PALBI) scores in predicting 2-year survival in patients with HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV-HCC). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 174 patients with HCV-HCC who were admitted to The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming from January 2020 to January 2022, and the patients were followed up till 2 years after admission. According to the follow-up results, the patients were divided into survival group with 95 patients and death group with 79 patients. The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression model analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors for the survival of HCV-HCC patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves and analyze the 2-year survival rate of HCV-HCC patients with different EZ-ALBI grades, and the log-rank test was used for comparison between groups. Results There were significant differences between the survival group and the death group in platelet count, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, albumin (Alb), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), prealbumin, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio, PALBI score, ALBI score, EZ-ALBI score, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, HCV genotype, peritoneal effusion, and vascular invasion (all P<0.05). The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that AST, Alb, AFP, ALBI score, EZ-ALBI score, PALBI score, MELD score, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging, and peritoneal effusion were influencing factors for the survival of patients (all P<0.05), and the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that EZ-ALBI score (hazard ratio [HR]=1.850, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.054 — 3.247, P=0.032) and peritoneal effusion (HR=1.993, 95%CI: 1.030 — 3.858, P=0.041) were independent risk factors for the survival of HCV-HCC patients. The survival curve analysis showed that the patients with EZ-ALBI grade 1/2/3 had a 2-year survival rate of 90.9%, 60.2%, and 32.2%, respectively, and there was a significant difference in cumulative survival rate between the patients with different EZ-ALBI grades (χ2=26.294, P<0.001). Conclusion EZ-ALBI score and the presence or absence of peritoneal effusion can be used as predictors of the survival of HCV-HCC patients.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肝炎病毒属 / 癌, 肝细胞 / ALBI评分 / EZ-ALBI评分 / PALBI评分 / 预后

Key words

Hepacivirus / Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / ALBI Score / EZ-ALBI Score / PALBI Score / Prognosis

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木唤,张映媛,许丹青,何愿强,牟春燕,刘春云,刘立. ALBI、EZ-ALBI及PALBI评分对HCV相关肝细胞癌患者中期预后的预测价值分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(05): 921-926 DOI:10.12449/JCH250518

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HCV感染人体后,可导致脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化及肝脏恶性肿瘤,其中HCV可能直接或间接参与肝脏恶性肿瘤的发生发展1-3。据2010年统计,我国HCV发病率为0.06%,但在部分地区,发病率高达6.01%4-5。随着直接抗病毒药物治疗被纳入医保,多数患者在接受抗病毒治疗后能够实现持续病毒学应答或是治愈,但部分患者仍有发展为肝细胞癌(HCC)的风险,特别是丙型肝炎肝硬化患者6-7。有研究显示,即使在HCV感染治愈后,仍有10%的患者可能在10年内发展为HCC8。故对于肝脏恶性肿瘤患者的预后评估尤为重要9。近年来,白蛋白-胆红素(albumin-bilirubin, ALBI)评分、简易白蛋白-胆红素(easy albumin-bilirubin, EZ-ALBI)评分及血小板-白蛋白-胆红素(platelet-albumin-bilirubin, PALBI)评分被用于评价终末期肝病的肝功能10-11。然而,这3项评分对HCV相关肝细胞癌(HCV-HCC)患者的生存期预测价值还有待研究。本文通过回顾性分析HCV-HCC患者的临床资料,将ALBI评分、EZ-ALBI评分及PALBI评分与目前应用较多的终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease, MELD)评分进行比较,评估其对HCV-HCC患者生存的预测价值。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

选取2020年1月—2022年1月于本院住院治疗的HCV-HCC患者。HCV-HCC的诊断参照《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版)》12。纳入标准:(1)HCV感染导致的HCC;(2)依从性良好,自愿配合观察。排除标准:(1)合并HBV感染;(2)合并获得性免疫缺陷综合征;(3)合并其他原因导致的恶性肿瘤;(4)临床资料不完整。所有患者住院期间行常规内科治疗。

1.2 研究方法

收集患者入院时的一般数据,包括性别、年龄、既往有无毒麻药使用、长期饮酒史、吸烟史、有无肝性脑病、肝功能、肾功能、血常规、凝血功能、HCV RNA、甲胎蛋白(AFP)、HCV基因分型、腹部B超及CT等相关资料。出院后随访2年,主要通过查阅住院资料或电话随访,根据随访结果将患者分为生存组与死亡组。

1.3 计算方法

ALBI评分13=0.66×log10[TBil(μmol/L)]- 0.085×Alb(g/L),≤-2.60分为1级,>-2.60分且≤-1.39分为2级,>-1.39分为3级。EZ-ALBI评分14=TBil(mg/dL)- 0.9×Alb(g/dL),≤-34.4分为1级,>-34.4分且≤-22.2分为2级,>-22.2分为3级。PALBI评分13=2.02×log10[TBil(μmol/L)]-0.37×log10[TBil(μmol/L)]2-0.04×Alb(g/L)- 3.48×log10[PLT(1 000/μL)]+1.01×log10[PLT(1 000/μL)]2,≤-2.53分为1级,>-2.53分且≤-2.09分为2级,>-2.09分为3级。MELD评分15=3.8×ln[TBil(mg/dL)]+11.2×ln(INR)+9.6×ln[肌酐(mg/dL)]+6.4×(病因:胆汁性或酒精性肝硬化为0;其他为1),≤14分为低危,15~18分为中危,>18分为高危。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行数据分析。正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以MP25P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用单因素和多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析HCV-HCC患者生存的影响因素。通过Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,分析不同EZ-ALBI分级HCV-HCC患者的2年生存率,并使用Log-rank检验进行组间比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 基本资料

共纳入174例患者,其中生存组95例,男76例,女19例,平均(55.13±8.57)岁;死亡组79例,男58例,女21例,平均(54.19±6.37)岁。两组患者基线资料比较,PLT、AST、PT、TBil、PAB、Alb、AFP、INR、PALBI评分、ALBI评分、EZ-ALBI评分、MELD评分、HCV基因分型、腹腔积液、血管侵犯差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表1)。

2.2 Cox比例风险回归分析HCV-HCC患者2年生存期的影响因素

单因素Cox回归分析结果显示,AST、Alb、AFP、ALBI评分、EZ-ALBI评分、PALBI评分、MELD评分、BCLC分期和腹腔积液是患者生存的影响因素(P值均<0.05)(表2)。进一步多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,EZ-ALBI评分(HR=1.850,95%CI:1.054~3.247,P=0.032)和腹腔积液(HR=1.993,95%CI:1.030~3.858,P=0.041)是HCV-HCC患者生存的独立影响因素。

2.3 不同EZ-ALBI分级患者的生存曲线分析

生存曲线分析结果显示,EZ-ALBI 1级、2级、3级患者的2年生存率分别为90.9%、60.2%和32.2%,不同EZ-ALBI分级患者累积生存率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.294,P<0.001)(图1)。

3 讨论

HCV-HCC的病死率在全球范围内仍然是一个重点的公共卫生问题,我国约有1 000万人感染HCV16-17。HCC是全球第六大常见癌症和第三大癌症死亡原因18。近年来,随着直接抗病毒药物的临床应用,一定程度上降低了HCC的发生风险19,但部分患者仍有发展为HCC的风险,特别是既往肝硬化的患者6-720。在我国,HCV感染的流行特征与地区有关,云南省由于既往静脉注射使用毒麻药人数较多,HCV感染的流行率高,且主要HCV基因分型为3a型和3b型21。HCV基因3型可以加快肝纤维化的进展,导致肝硬化及肝癌发生率更高,且基因3型导致的肝脏恶性肿瘤更具有侵袭性22-23。本研究共纳入174例HCV-HCC患者,2年病死率为45.4%(79/174),但单因素Cox回归分析结果显示基因3型较其他分型肝癌患者死亡风险差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),可能与本次研究对象均为肝癌患者有关,故其在死亡风险上差异无统计学意义。

本研究通过单因素Cox回归分析显示,AST、Alb、AFP、ALBI评分、EZ-ALBI评分、PALBI评分、MELD评分、BCLC分期和腹腔积液与患者生存有关(P值均<0.05)。BCLC分期是目前广泛应用于肝脏恶性肿瘤的评分,该分期能够较好地预测患者的生存期,尤其是在非手术治疗的患者中,根据BCLC提案,BCLC 0/A、B、C、D期的HCC患者预期中位生存时间分别超过5年、2.5年、2年和3个月24。MELD评分目前较为广泛地应用于终末期肝病的评估中,该评分包含了肌酐、胆红素和INR这3项与肝衰竭相关的指标。本研究结果显示,MELD评分在单因素Cox回归分析中差异有统计学意义,但在多因素分析中不是患者生存的独立影响因素,可能与没有充分了解与肝癌相关的特定生物学特性,如肿瘤负荷和肝功能的复杂交互作用有关。AST、AFP等因素在单因素Cox回归分析中差异均有统计学意义,这与既往文献25一致,AST和AFP的升高常与肝癌的进展及预后不良相关。

近年来,ALBI、EZ-ALBI及PALBI评分被用于肝癌术后、肝衰竭等肝脏疾病的预后分析26。胆红素可以反映肝脏代谢功能的变化,而Alb可以反映患者肝脏合成功能。ALBI评分于2014年提出,用于评估HCC患者的肝功能27。既往有研究表明,HCC患者术前ALBI分级高低与严重不良事件有关,为经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)后90 d慢加急性肝衰竭发生的独立预测因子28。PALBI评分是在ALBI评分的基础上增加了PLT,以更全面地反映肝脏的储备功能和门静脉高压的存在1329。研究表明,PALBI是评估HCC围手术期肝切除术风险的有效工具30。Sonohara等31通过对2 038例HCC患者相关数据分析,认为PALBI评分可简单且客观评价肝脏恶性肿瘤术后肝衰竭及预后风险。与上述研究一致,本研究通过单因素Cox分析结果表明,AST、Alb、AFP、ALBI评分、EZ-ALBI评分、PALBI评分、MELD评分、BCLC分期和腹腔积液对HCV-HCC患者的2年预后有影响。

本研究中多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,腹腔积液和EZ-ALBI评分是HCV-HCC患者2年内发生死亡的独立危险因素(P值均<0.05)。腹腔积液通常与肝硬化和肿瘤进展密切相关,腹水的出现不仅影响患者的生存质量,还容易并发感染,从而影响患者的预后。既往研究发现,在接受TACE治疗、TACE和阿帕替尼联合治疗或经动脉放射栓塞术治疗的HCC患者中,腹水是患者预后的影响因素32。Müller等33对327例HCC患者的研究亦显示,接受TACE治疗的肝癌患者其腹水量与不良预后相关。

与传统ALBI评分相比,EZ-ALBI评分对ALBI进行了简化和改良,其在预测肝癌患者预后方面更优。Kariyama等14对5 249例HCC患者进行分析,结果显示EZ-ALBI 1、2、3级3年和5年生存率分别为80%、57%、18%和67%、39%、8%。本研究中EZ-ALBI 1、2、3级患者的2年生存率分别为90.9%、60.2%、32.2%,随着EZ-ALBI评分的增加,患者病死率升高。在不同的BCLC分期和不同医院中,EZ-ALBI评分均具有良好的一致性。Ho等34通过对2 837例不明原因肝脏恶性肿瘤患者的前瞻性研究发现,ALBI和EZ-ALBI评分是评估此类患者肝功能储备的稳定模型,与肝癌治疗方式无关。同时,EZ-ALBI分级的预测能力在不同癌症分期和治疗中均具有独立性35。EZ-ALBI评分是对ALBI评分的改良,通过整合更多的肝功能相关参数,实现了更精准的肝功能评估体系,故能够更好地反映肝脏的合成功能和代谢能力,且EZ-ALBI评分计算方法简单,在临床实践中更为简便。

本研究也存在一些不足。首先,EZ-ALBI评分主要依赖于血清生化指标,可能无法全面反映肝脏的病理状态。若将肝脏的影像学改变、肿瘤分期等因素纳入EZ-ALBI评分体系,则该评分可能对患者预后进行更全面地评估。其次,本研究EZ-ALBI评分对于肝脏恶性肿瘤生存分析相对较少,病种较单一,后期需扩大样本量。最后,本研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量较少,可能存在一定的偏倚,后期需要多中心扩大样本进一步论证。

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