中医治疗肝衰竭60年: 从临床洞见到科学发现
Traditional Chinese medicine treatment of liver failure for 60 years: From clinical insights to scientific discoveries
肝衰竭作为高致死率的临床危重症,其治疗面临巨大挑战。本文系统回顾、梳理了我国中医药治疗肝衰竭领域60年传承创新的成果。临床研究方面:早期探索阶段,发现茵陈蒿汤联合西医治疗效果明显,灌肠疗法初显成效,为后续研究奠定基础;循证医学时代,基于对肝衰竭“本虚标实”的认识,创新构建“脾虚邪陷发黄”“气虚瘀黄”“脾肾阳虚发黄”等中医病机理论;基于中医证候动态演变研究,发现HBV相关慢加急性肝衰竭呈现“早实晚虚”的证型特征,据此建立分期辨治框架:早期祛实(解毒化瘀)、晚期补虚(温阳固脱)。技术创新层面:人工肝联合中药、结肠灌洗及针灸凸显多靶点协同优势。基础研究方面:揭示茵陈蒿汤通过肠道菌群-代谢轴调控肝功能,赤芍-附子药对重塑巨噬细胞极化,五味子木脂素与五味子多糖靶向GSH/GPX4调节脂质稳态,电针刺激足三里(ST36)激活肝再生信号等,阐明“清热解毒”“温阳固脱”等治则的分子机制。当前面临的挑战包括临床证据异质性、证候-生物标志物关联不足及前沿技术整合瓶颈。未来需构建“临床-基础”双向闭环研究范式,聚焦肠道微生态-免疫-能量代谢网络,推动中医药精准化治疗升级。
Liver failure is a critical illness with a high fatality rate, and its treatment still faces great challenges. This article systematically reviews the achievements of inheritance and innovation in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment of liver failure in China for the past 60 years. As for clinical research, it was found in the early exploration stage that Yinchenhao decoction combined with Western medicine treatment had a marked therapeutic effect, and enema therapy had shown a certain therapeutic effect, laying a foundation for subsequent research. In the era of evidence-based medicine, the TCM pathogenesis theories were established based on the understanding of “deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality” in liver failure, such as “jaundice due to spleen deficiency and invasion of pathogenic factors”, “Qi-deficiency and blood-stasis jaundice”, and “jaundice due to spleen-kidney Yang deficiency”. Based on the dynamic evolution of TCM syndromes, it is found that HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure presents the characteristics of “early excess and late deficiency”, and a framework of staged syndrome differentiation-based treatment has been established as removing excess in the early stage (detoxicating and resolving stasis) and tonifying deficiency in the late stage (warming Yang and securing collapse). As for technological innovation, artificial liver combined with TCM, colonic lavage, and acupuncture and moxibustion has highlighted the advantages of the synergistic effect between multiple targets. Basic research has revealed that Yinchenhao Decoction regulates liver function through the intestinal flora-metabolism axis, the drug combination of Radix Paeoniae Rubra-Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata reshapes macrophage polarization, Schisandra chinensis lignans and Schisandra polysaccharides target GSH/GPX4 to modulate lipid homeostasis, and electroacupuncture stimulates ST36 (zusanli) to activate liver regeneration signal, thereby clarifying the molecular mechanism of the treatment principles such as “clearing heat and detoxicating” and “warming Yang and securing collapse”. Current challenges include the heterogeneity of clinical evidence, insufficient association between syndromes and biomarkers, and the bottleneck of cutting-edge technology integration. In the future, it is necessary to establish a two-way closed-loop research paradigm for clinical and basic research, focus on the intestinal microecology-immunity-energy metabolism network, and promote the upgrading of precise TCM treatment.
肝功能衰竭 / 中医药疗法 / 中西医结合疗法 / 针灸疗法
Liver Failure / Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapy / Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine Therapy / Acupuncture Moxibustion Therapy
| [1] |
Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association;Severe Liver Disease and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of liver failure (2024version)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(12): 2371-2387. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241206 . |
| [2] |
中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组, 中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组. 肝衰竭诊治指南(2024年版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(12): 2371-2387. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241206 . |
| [3] |
|
| [4] |
|
| [5] |
Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association; Severe Liver Disease and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of liver failure(2018)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2019, 35(1): 38-44. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.01.007 . |
| [6] |
|
| [7] |
|
| [8] |
史诗, 王一帆, 杨艳芬, 非生物型人工肝治疗肝衰竭病人列线图预后模型的构建[J]. 安徽医药, 2025, 29(4): 798-804. |
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
彭蕾, 王敏君. 终末期肝脏疾病细胞治疗的研究进展[J]. 癌变·畸变·突变, 2023, 35(2): 144-147. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-616x.2023.02.011 . |
| [11] |
|
| [12] |
|
| [13] |
|
| [14] |
杨宗元, 肖敬之. 中西医综合治疗急性传染性肝炎合并肝昏迷的疗效分析(附15例介绍)[J]. 山东医刊, 1963, 3(1): 19-20. |
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
关桂莲, 王玉文, 张凤山. 中西医结合抢救亚急性肝坏死肝昏迷一例报告[J]. 哈医大学报, 1976, 8(1): 61-62. |
| [17] |
|
| [18] |
罗国钧. 通腑泻热、凉血解毒法对肝昏迷苏醒作用的初步观察[J]. 中西医结合杂志, 1984, 4(5): 287. |
| [19] |
|
| [20] |
周庆均. 中西医结合治疗重症病毒性肝炎(病毒性肝炎的急性或亚急性肝坏死)的体会(40例治疗成功小结摘要)[J]. 广东医药资料, 1979,(1): 38. DOI: 10.13820/j.cnki.gdyx.1979.01.013 . |
| [21] |
|
| [22] |
金钟翼, 朴红英, 孙丽萍, 活性炭加大黄治疗肝性脑病43例[J]. 中国中西医结合脾胃杂志, 1995, 3(4): 210. |
| [23] |
|
| [24] |
宋闽宁, 黄文琪, 闵峰, 中药联合少量血浆置换法治疗重型肝炎44例[J]. 中西医结合肝病杂志, 2004, 14(3): 177-178. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0264.2004.03.024 . |
| [25] |
|
| [26] |
党中勤, 席玉红. 中药配合人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎56例疗效观察[J]. 四川中医, 2006, 24(4): 47-48. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3649.2006.04.023 . |
| [27] |
|
| [28] |
黄古叶, 龙富立, 石清兰, 大黄煎剂配合人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎临床研究[J]. 辽宁中医杂志, 2008, 35(10): 1537-1538. |
| [29] |
|
| [30] |
毛德文, 邱华, 李雅, 解毒化瘀颗粒治疗重型肝炎的疗效观察[J]. 广西中医药, 2004, 27(4): 4-6. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0719.2004.04.002 . |
| [31] |
|
| [32] |
邱华, 毛德文, 黄彬, 解毒化瘀颗粒对慢性重型肝炎患者预后的影响[J]. 中西医结合肝病杂志, 2007, 17(5): 259-260, 263. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0264.2007.05.002 . |
| [33] |
|
| [34] |
李斌, 王宪波. 王宪波从湿、热、毒、瘀、虚分型辨治乙型肝炎相关慢加急性肝衰竭经验[J]. 中医杂志, 2023, 64(23): 2388-2392. DOI: 10.13288/j.11-2166/r.2023.23.003 . |
| [35] |
|
| [36] |
王立福, 李筠, 李丰衣, 中西医结合治疗乙型肝炎病毒相关肝衰竭的疗效分析[J]. 中西医结合肝病杂志, 2018, 28(2): 70-74. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0264.2018.02.002 . |
| [37] |
|
| [38] |
陆云飞, 陆伟, 王雅俊, 苦黄颗粒用于黄疸型病毒性肝炎的网状Meta分析及药物经济学评价[J]. 中国药物经济学, 2022, 17(8): 5-10. DOI: 10.12010/j.issn.1673-5846.2022.08.001 . |
| [39] |
|
| [40] |
周超, 宫嫚, 张宁, 中西医结合治疗方案干预乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝衰竭的疗效分析[J]. 中西医结合肝病杂志, 2019, 29(3): 203-207. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0264.2019.03.004 . |
| [41] |
|
| [42] |
|
| [43] |
|
| [44] |
孙克伟, 陈斌, 黄裕红, 凉血解毒、清热化湿和凉血解毒、健脾温阳法治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床观察[J]. 中国中西医结合杂志, 2006, 26(11): 981-983. DOI: 10.7661/CJIM.2006.11.981 . |
| [45] |
|
| [46] |
陈月桥, 毛德文, 唐农, 茵陈四逆汤加减治疗慢加急性肝衰竭[J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 2015, 21(18): 163-166. DOI: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.2015180163 . |
| [47] |
|
| [48] |
|
| [49] |
陆霓虹, 汪亚玲, 李晖. 生大黄肠道透析联合非生物型人工肝治疗急性肝衰竭临床疗效分析[J]. 时珍国医国药, 2015, 26(6): 1418-1419. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0805.2015.06.054 . |
| [50] |
|
| [51] |
王振东. 双重血浆分子吸附系统(DPMAS)联合“辛开苦降”法治疗肝衰竭临床疗效和免疫机制研究[Z]. 陕西省, 安康市中医医院, 2022-02-17. |
| [52] |
|
| [53] |
商斌仪, 卓蕴慧, 张雯, 结肠治疗仪配合新石军方灌肠治疗慢性肝衰竭湿热蕴结证临床观察[J]. 河南中医, 2018, 38(6): 884-886. DOI: 10.16367/j.issn.1003-5028.2018.06.0235 . |
| [54] |
|
| [55] |
曹慧, 谭善忠, 谢碧红, 结肠透析机中药高位保留灌肠治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝衰竭早期的疗效分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2011, 27(5): 485-487. |
| [56] |
|
| [57] |
来要良, 李秀惠, 钱英. 清肠养肝方灌肠治疗慢性重型乙型肝炎临床观察[J]. 中西医结合肝病杂志, 2007, 17(2): 71-72. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0264.2007.02.003 . |
| [58] |
|
| [59] |
李爱民, 刘春霞, 薛峰, 高氧液、针灸辅助治疗急性肝衰竭疗效观察[J]. 中国中西医结合消化杂志, 2016, 24(10): 786-787. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-038X.2016.10.16 . |
| [60] |
|
| [61] |
|
| [62] |
|
| [63] |
王融冰, 马剡芳, 张伟, 复方大黄煎剂高位灌肠治疗肝昏迷[J]. 中国中医急症, 2014, 23(6): 1075-1076. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-745X.2014.06.027 . |
| [64] |
|
| [65] |
李海凤, 罗芳, 吴其恺, 赤芍承气汤高位保留灌肠对肝衰竭患者肠道微生态失衡的影响[J]. 中西医结合肝病杂志, 2019, 29(1): 21-22, 37. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0264.2019.01.007 . |
| [66] |
|
| [67] |
易臻. 大黄乌梅汤保留灌肠治疗肝衰竭的疗效观察及护理[J]. 当代护士(下旬刊), 2019, 26(5): 79-80. |
| [68] |
|
| [69] |
田凌云, 邓桂元, 吴哲, 消胀灵穴位贴敷治疗肝硬化腹水临床研究[J]. 中国中医急症, 2012, 21(11): 1742, 1780. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-745X.2012.11.010 . |
| [70] |
|
| [71] |
李爱民, 刘春霞, 薛峰, 高氧液针灸辅助治疗慢性肝衰竭疗效观察[J]. 山西医药杂志, 2019, 48(24): 3054-3056. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9926.2019.24.018 . |
| [72] |
|
| [73] |
汪承柏. 中医中药抢救治疗急性重症肝炎[J]. 实用内科杂志, 1983, 3(5): 237. |
| [74] |
|
| [75] |
郑惠伯. 解毒化淤治疗急黄验案[J]. 四川中医, 1982, 1(1): 25-27. |
| [76] |
|
| [77] |
朱起贵. 急黄证治体会[J]. 湖北中医杂志, 1981, 3(5): 15-16. |
| [78] |
|
| [79] |
姜春华. 中医学术上脏腑之三——肝[J]. 江西中医药, 1956,(12): 21-26. |
| [80] |
|
| [81] |
韩德五, 马学惠, 周良楣, 茵陈蒿汤治疗传染性肝炎及退黄作用的初步探讨[J]. 中草药通讯, 1976, 7(8): 23-26, 12, 49. |
| [82] |
|
| [83] |
裴德恺, 高静涛, 魏玉. 用正交设计法研究茵陈蒿汤的利胆效应[J]. 贵州医药, 1981, 5(4): 47-49. |
| [84] |
|
| [85] |
郑若玄, 陈逸诗, 庄国汾, 茵陈蒿汤及其提取物对急性黄疸大白鼠防治效应的初步研究[J]. 中西医结合杂志, 1985, 5(6): 356-360, 325. DOI: 10.7661/CJIM.1985.6.356 . |
| [86] |
|
| [87] |
邱培伦, 袁素芬, 舒昌杰, 大黄(庶虫)虫丸对实验性肝损伤的保护作用[J]. 中西医结合杂志, 1988, 8(11): 668-670, 646. DOI: 10.7661/CJIM.1988.11.668 . |
| [88] |
|
| [89] |
黄焱明, 沈士芳. 大黄(庶虫)虫丸治疗高脂血症的临床观察及实验研究[J]. 中西医结合杂志, 1989, 9(10): 589-592, 580. |
| [90] |
YIM TK, |
| [91] |
|
| [92] |
|
| [93] |
|
| [94] |
|
| [95] |
朱海鹏, 高志良, 谭德明, 酸枣仁汤对小鼠试验性急性肝衰竭的影响[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2007, 32(8): 718-721. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-5302.2007.08.018 . |
| [96] |
|
| [97] |
|
| [98] |
|
| [99] |
|
| [100] |
|
| [101] |
|
| [102] |
杨运高, 刘亚伟, 华何与, 三黄茵赤汤对急性肝衰竭大鼠肝脏损害及凋亡效应酶caspase3的影响[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2010, 30(11): 2443-2445. |
| [103] |
|
| [104] |
|
| [105] |
|
| [106] |
|
| [107] |
|
| [108] |
|
| [109] |
刘慧敏, 李玉鑫, 高方媛, 解毒凉血方含药血清调节TGFβ1/Smad信号通路对急性肝衰竭肝细胞凋亡的抑制作用[J]. 中西医结合肝病杂志, 2022, 32(8): 706-709. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-0264.2022.08.008 . |
| [110] |
|
| [111] |
张荣臻, 毛德文, 孙克伟, 解毒化瘀颗粒对H2O2诱导LO2肝细胞炎症反应的影响[J]. 时珍国医国药, 2022, 33(3): 564-567. |
| [112] |
|
| [113] |
|
| [114] |
|
| [115] |
|
| [116] |
|
| [117] |
|
| [118] |
|
| [119] |
|
| [120] |
|
| [121] |
|
| [122] |
田方园, 邓长卿, 严佳园, 补肾活血解毒方联合脐带间充质干细胞移植对急性肝衰竭大鼠的治疗作用[J]. 山西中医, 2024, 40(10): 55-58. DOI: 10.20002/j.issn.1000-7156.2024.10.023 . |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |