急性肝衰竭血浆置换治疗生存获益的争议与思考

杨笛 ,  金清龙

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (07) : 1275 -1278.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (07) : 1275 -1278. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250708
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急性肝衰竭血浆置换治疗生存获益的争议与思考

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The survival benefit of plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure: Controversies and thoughts

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摘要

急性肝衰竭(ALF)是一种罕见但病情凶险的临床综合征,当前治疗以支持治疗和肝移植为主。血浆置换(PEX)作为一种血液净化技术,可清除炎症介质和毒素,是临床广泛应用的肝移植替代治疗方案,已被证实可减轻ALF炎症反应,稳定血流动力学,提高患者生存率。然而,2025年4月在Journal of Hepatology发表的一项英国多中心、回顾性队列研究显示,ALF患者经PEX治疗后,总体生存获益或无移植生存率未见改善,引发学界广泛争论。本文总结了PEX治疗在ALF中的应用进展,并对相关争议问题进行了探讨。

Abstract

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare but life-threatening clinical syndrome, and supportive care and liver transplantation are currently the main treatment methods for ALF. Plasma exchange (PEX), as a blood purification technique, can remove inflammatory mediators and toxins, and it is a widely used alternative therapy for liver transplantation in clinical practice. Studies have shown that PEX can alleviate inflammatory response, stabilize hemodynamics, and improve survival rate in ALF patients. However, a multicenter retrospective cohort study in the UK published in Journal of Hepatology in April 2025 showed that there was no improvement in overall survival benefit or transplantation-free survival rate in ALF patients after PEX, which has led to widespread debate in the academic world. This article reviews the advances in the application of PEX in ALF and discusses related controversial issues.

关键词

肝功能衰竭, 急性 / 血浆置换 / 多器官功能衰竭 / 肝移植

Key words

Liver Failure, Acute / Plasma Exchange / Multiple Organ Failure / Liver Transplantation

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杨笛,金清龙. 急性肝衰竭血浆置换治疗生存获益的争议与思考[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(07): 1275-1278 DOI:10.12449/JCH250708

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1 急性肝衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)概述

ALF是指既往无慢性肝病的患者因急性肝细胞损伤导致的肝功能急剧恶化,表现为凝血功能障碍、肝性脑病及肝外多器官功能衰竭(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MOF)1-2。ALF是一种罕见但病情凶险的临床综合征,临床上需与慢性肝病基础上的急性失代偿,即慢加急性肝衰竭严格区分,因ALF需要更及时的干预措施,时间敏感度较高,两者的治疗策略及预后存在显著差异。

目前,ALF导致MOF的确切机制尚未完全阐明,但全身炎症反应失调被认为是关键因素。研究发现,ALF患者的肝细胞大量坏死可释放损伤相关分子模式(damage- associated molecular pattern,DAMP),激活促炎细胞因子级联反应,进而加剧肝脏及全身免疫细胞的活化,形成炎症风暴3。这一过程不仅加重肝损伤,还可诱发脓毒症及MOF,是导致ALF患者死亡的主要原因4

ALF病死率较高,临床管理核心在于维持重要器官功能、延缓MOF进展,同时争取自发性肝细胞再生或等待肝移植机会5-6。近年来,重症监护技术的进步及肝移植的广泛应用已显著改善ALF预后,肝移植后患者生存率超过90%7-8。然而,供肝短缺及部分患者的移植禁忌证仍是主要限制因素,因此亟需探索肝移植的替代或过渡治疗方案。但替代治疗标准尚未统一明确,任何旨在替代衰竭肝脏的措施应具备肝脏的代谢和排泄功能,合成肝源性多肽和蛋白质,并减轻急性肝细胞损伤后先天免疫的激活。

2 血浆置换(plasma exchange,PEX)治疗在ALF中的应用

PEX是一种通过清除血浆中的毒性物质(如炎症介质、自身抗体等)并补充新鲜冰冻血浆或白蛋白的血液净化技术9-10。PEX被广泛应用于免疫相关疾病的治疗,并在ALF的综合管理中显示出潜在获益。已有研究证实,高容量PEX(high volume plasma exchange,HVP)应用于ALF患者是安全有效的。一项多中心随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)纳入182例ALF患者,相较于标准药物治疗患者,联合HVP治疗的患者肝性脑病严重程度降低、血流动力学更稳定、血管加压药需求减少,且住院生存率提升约10%4。该研究首次证实PEX可使ALF患者生存获益,支持PEX成为部分ALF患者的标准化治疗。2022年,一项纳入40例ALF患者的RCT结果表明,标准容量PEX治疗后无移植生存率更高,促炎细胞因子水平、内毒素和DAMP显著降低,抗炎细胞因子增加11。既往大量研究均支持上述结论,鉴于ALF的罕见性,这似乎提示PEX是可以促进ALF患者结局显著改善的标准治疗12-14。此外,PEX与连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)均与ALF无移植生存率的提升有关,二者可协同清除血氨和炎症介质。最新研究显示,CRRT和PEX联合应用可能改善ALF相关MOF,降低ALF患者无移植死亡率15。一项关于ALF患儿的单中心回顾性研究显示,PEX和CRRT联合应用后血氨水平明显改善,83%的患儿可通过自体肝脏或者肝移植康复16。类似的研究报道也显示了二者联合应用对肝功能和生存结局的改善作用17-18

PEX的早期应用可能是阻止ALF进展的有效手段19-20。然而,PEX应用的最佳容量及持续时间尚无定论。相似标准的研究显示,高容量或者低容量的PEX均可提升ALF患者生存率421。Larsen等4研究提出,持续的HVP可能进一步提升无移植存活率,但HVP持续时间过度延长可能导致功能性免疫抑制和败血症风险升高。

ALF导致的微循环衰竭可能是因坏死肝脏中细胞内物质广泛释放和血小板破坏引起的22,HVP不仅可递送新鲜冷冻血浆以补充生理学上的重要物质,还可去除毒性因子以达到治疗效果。多项研究支持HVP的有益作用,特别是在全身血流动力学方面,可能与细胞骨架成分、蛋白质或血管活性物质的清除有关23。ALF产生的非感染性炎性分子通过激活组蛋白相关DNA,促进急性肝细胞死亡后的先天免疫激活,而HVP可通过清除循环DAMP,抑制先天性免疫反应,单核细胞和中性粒细胞衍生的促炎介质水平在HVP后显著减弱424-25,白细胞数量、全身炎症反应综合征和SOFA(序贯器官衰竭评分)一致下降,反映了HVP的免疫调节作用以及对MOF的限制作用,这似乎可以解释HVP治疗组患者在病程中对肾脏替代治疗的需求更低4。一项单中心、回顾性研究显示,ALF患者在HVP期间易发生严重的碱中毒、低血压和低钙血症等不良反应26。Larsen等4提出脓毒症、脑水肿和凝血病以及相关的体温下降可能是PEX治疗的主要并发症,可能是由于免疫调节和血浆中抗生素的清除引起的。此外,虽然输注新鲜冷冻血浆传播疾病的风险较低,但仍不可完全排除。

3 PEX治疗有效性尚存争议

2025年4月,Journal of Hepatology发表了一项涵盖英国全部三级肝移植中心ALF患者的多中心、回顾性队列研究,该研究共纳入ALF患者378例,其中接受PEX 120例,结果显示,PEX的总体生存获益或无移植生存率未见改善,PEX仅在移植术前血流动力学稳定性方面显示出改善作用(PEX后血管加压药需求显著减少)27。本研究一经发表即引发学界激烈讨论,多位学者指出该研究存在部分不合理之处,例如:研究纳入的7个中心中,有2个中心未使用PEX管理ALF患者,加剧了研究的异质性风险;队列使用倾向性匹配,降低了结论的权威性和说服力;患者从入院到肝移植的时间十分有限(2天),使用PEX的时机较晚,PEX的容量较低,影响了PEX的疗效;患者器官衰竭程度较高,肝移植禁忌证的不统一(除外MOF)等。随后,该研究团队对上述问题均予以回复说明,强调了真实世界研究的方法学价值和研究结果的严谨性和可靠性,指出当前ALF治疗中PEX应用存在的问题:治疗时机不明确、适用人群筛选标准缺失、疗效受早期肾脏替代治疗等重症监护技术的影响,呼吁开展国际多中心研究以建立精准化治疗标准、风险获益评估体系和最佳临床实践路径28

由于ALF是一种罕见的异质性疾病,相关研究设计十分复杂,而治疗方案缺乏标准化进一步加剧相关研究的异质性,是已有研究结论存在矛盾的主要原因。目前,国际指南尚未就PEX在ALF中的适用性达成一致,欧洲肝病学会亦未明确推荐其作为标准治疗229。笔者认为,PEX在ALF中的应用是一个动态的概念,是否应用PEX取决于患者的临床状态,关键考虑因素是治疗时机的选择。PEX的疗效在于其能够有效地清除DMAP和毒素,限制炎症风暴,并纠正MOF和脓毒症。然而,一旦MOF发生,疾病预后将由器官衰竭和脓毒症的严重程度决定。因此,当患者进展为MOF并需要大剂量的正性肌力药物干预时,PEX的获益可能会大大减少。

4 小结与展望

近年来,关于ALF管理策略的讨论日益增多,该病的罕见性和异质性为临床研究带来了巨大挑战,未来亟需开展更多高质量RCT以明确PEX的最佳适应证、治疗时机、置换容量及置换液选择。此外,探索PEX与其他人工肝支持系统的联合应用,或可为无法接受肝移植的ALF患者提供新的治疗策略。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(82170535)

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