北京市体检人群代谢相关脂肪性肝病发生和消退的影响因素分析

郭海清 ,  刘晓慧 ,  李明亮 ,  刘峰 ,  柳雅立 ,  张晶

临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (07) : 1319 -1326.

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临床肝胆病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (07) : 1319 -1326. DOI: 10.12449/JCH250715
脂肪性肝病

北京市体检人群代谢相关脂肪性肝病发生和消退的影响因素分析

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Influence factors for the development and regression of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A study based on the health check-up population in Beijing, China

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摘要

目的 本研究拟调查体检人群中与代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)发生和消退相关的临床及代谢因素。 方法 纳入2013年12月—2019年12月北京市某体检机构的体检人群共6 809例进行回顾性观察研究,平均随访时间(52.1±13.5)个月。按照新版MAFLD诊断标准将体检人群分为MAFLD组和非MAFLD组,对比首次(基线)及末次体检各组之间的人口学指标、身体测量指标和实验室指标等。正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验;计数资料的比较采用χ2检验。采用Logistic回归分析研究各观察指标对MAFLD发生和消退的影响。 结果 基线时非MAFLD组为4 533例(66.6%),其中15.6%在末次体检时发生MAFLD,这些患者在基线时年龄较大(Z=-6.739),男性居多(χ2=178.534),体质量(Z=-22.302)、BMI(Z=-22.818)、腰围(Z=-23.117)、臀围(Z=-18.446)、收缩压(Z=-13.301)、舒张压(Z=-13.491)、空腹血糖(Z=-11.787)、TG(Z=-16.623)、LDL-C(Z=-10.256)、ALT(Z=-14.250)、AST(Z=-7.481)水平及代谢综合征(MetS)占比(χ2=185.283)明显高于未发生MAFLD人群,并且有更多的患者在末次体检时出现了体质量、腰围、臀围、TG、TC、ALT、AST的升高(P值均<0.05),这部分患者基线时HDL-C水平较低(Z=15.416),在末次体检时较基线下降的人数也更多(P值均<0.05)。基线时MAFLD组为2 276例(33.4%),其中23.8%在末次体检时出现MAFLD消退,这些患者在基线时年龄较小(Z=2.185),女性居多(χ2=20.340),体质量(Z=-8.909)、BMI(Z=-10.205)、腰围(Z=-11.183)、臀围(Z=-7.178)、收缩压(Z=-3.627)、舒张压(Z=-3.443)、TG(Z=-5.945)、ALT(Z=-9.664)、AST(Z=-5.904)水平及MetS占比(χ2=42.082)明显低于MAFLD未消退人群,并且有更多的患者在末次体检时出现了体质量、腰围、臀围、血压、TG、TC、ALT、AST的下降(P值均<0.05),这部分患者基线时HDL-C水平较高(Z=6.778),在末次体检时升高的人数也更多(P值均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,性别及体检过程中体质量和HDL-C的变化与MAFLD的发生和消退独立相关(P值均<0.05)。 结论 北京市体检人群中MAFLD患病率较高,男性居多,代谢紊乱水平及肝功能异常更显著,其中体质量和HDL-C的变化是MAFLD发生和消退最重要的影响因素。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the clinical and metabolic factors associated with the development and regression of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in the physical examination population. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted on 6 809 individuals who underwent physical examination in a physical examination institution in Beijing from December 2013 to December 2019, with a mean follow-up time of 52.1±13.5 months. According to the new diagnostic criteria for MAFLD, these individuals were divided into MAFLD group and non-MAFLD group, and the two groups were compared in terms of demographic indicators, body measurement indicators, and laboratory indicators at the first (baseline) and last physical examinations. The two-independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data. A Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of various observation indicators on the development and regression of MAFLD. Results In this study, there were 4 533 individuals (66.6%) in the non-MAFLD group at baseline, among whom 15.6% developed MAFLD at the last physical examination. Compared with the non-MAFLD population, the MAFLD population had significantly higher age (Z=-6.739), number of male patients (χ2=178.534), body weight (Z=-22.302), body mass index (BMI) (Z=-22.818), waist circumference (Z=-23.117), hip circumference (Z=-18.446), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (Z=-13.301), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (Z=-13.491), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (Z=-11.787), triglyceride (TG) (Z=-16.623), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (Z=-10.256), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (Z=-14.250), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Z=-7.481), and proportion of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) at baseline (χ2=185.283), and there were more patients with increases in body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, TG, TC, ALT, and AST at the final physical examination (all P<0.05); these patients had a lower level of HDL-C at baseline (Z=15.416), and there were more patients with a reduction at the last physical examination (P<0.05). There were 2 276 individuals (33.4%) in the MAFLD group at baseline, among whom 23.8% showed regression of MAFLD at the last physical examination. Compared with the population without regression of MAFLD, the population with regression of MAFLD had a significantly younger age (Z=2.185), a significantly higher number of female patients (χ2=0.340), significantly lower levels of body weight (Z=-8.909), BMI (Z=-10.205), waist circumference (Z=-11.183), hip circumference (Z=-7.178), SBP (Z=-3.627), DBP (Z=-3.443), TG (Z=-5.945), ALT (Z=-9.664), and AST (Z=-5.904), and a significantly lower proportion of patients with MetS (χ2=42.082), and there were more patients with reductions in body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, TG, TC, ALT, and AST at the final physical examination (all P<0.05); these patients had a higher level of HDL-C at baseline (Z=6.778), and there were more patients with an increase at the last physical examination (P<0.05). The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that sex and changes in body weight and HDL-C during physical examination were independently associated with the development and regression of MAFLD (all P<0.05). Conclusion There is a relatively high prevalence rate of MAFLD among the physical examination population in Beijing, with a higher proportion of male patients. There are significant metabolic disorders and liver function abnormalities, and changes in body weight and HDL-C are the most important predictive indicators for the development and regression of MAFLD.

关键词

代谢相关脂肪性肝病 / 患病率 / 因素分析, 统计学

Key words

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease / Prevalence / Factor Analysis, Statistical

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郭海清,刘晓慧,李明亮,刘峰,柳雅立,张晶. 北京市体检人群代谢相关脂肪性肝病发生和消退的影响因素分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2025, 41(07): 1319-1326 DOI:10.12449/JCH250715

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非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)已成为全球最常见的慢性肝病。过去20年我国成人NAFLD汇总患病率为29.6%1,随着肥胖和2型糖尿病的流行,新病例激增。部分NAFLD患者可以进一步发展为肝硬化和肝癌2-3,并增加冠心病及结直肠癌、肺癌、前列腺癌等的发病率4
代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)是2020年基于国际脂肪肝专家组的意见提出来的新概念,用以替代旧的“NAFLD”。该概念强调胰岛素抵抗和代谢异常是“脂肪肝”发生的主要机制,已得到国际学术界的广泛认可5。基于我国的实际情况,中华医学会肝病学分会发布了《代谢相关(非酒精性)脂肪性肝病防治指南(2024年版)》6,提出了改良的MAFLD诊断标准。而基于新诊断标准的MAFLD流行病学研究尚未见报道。
本研究对北京市体检人群进行MAFLD筛查,明确其患病率、自然病程及发生、消退的影响因素,并评估这些因素的变化在MAFLD发生和消退中的作用。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

本研究为回顾性观察研究。研究对象为2013年12月—2019年12月北京市某体检机构的体检人群。入选标准:(1)年龄18~70岁;(2)签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1)体检期间正在服用降血压、降血糖、降血脂或影响观察指标的药物;(2)活动性结核病、恶性肿瘤等可能影响机体营养状态的严重疾病。

1.2 研究方法

收集每次体检时体检人员的年龄、性别、身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、血压及血糖、血脂、肝功能、腹部超声等指标,记录基础疾病及用药史,计算身体质量指数(BMI)和腰臀比。按照新版MAFLD诊断标准,将首次(基线)及末次体检的人员分为MAFLD组及非MAFLD组。

新版MAFLD诊断标准:(1)影像学诊断脂肪肝和/或病理学≥5%肝细胞大泡性脂肪变性;(2)排除过量饮酒(乙醇摄入量男性≥210 g/周和女性≥140 g/周)、肝豆状核变性、营养不良等可能导致脂肪肝的其他原因;(3)存在下列至少1项代谢心血管疾病危险因素:BMI≥24.0 kg/m2,或者腰围≥90 cm(男性)和85 cm(女性),或者体脂肪含量和体脂百分比超标;空腹血糖(FBG)≥6.1 mmol/L,或者糖负荷后2 h血糖≥7.8 mmol/L或糖化血红蛋白≥5.7%,或者2型糖尿病史,或者稳态型评估法胰岛素抵抗指数≥2.5;甘油三酯(TG)≥1.70 mmol/L,或在接受降脂药物治疗;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)≤1.0 mmol/L(男性)和1.3 mmol/L(女性),或在应用降脂药物治疗;血压≥130/85 mmHg,或在接受降压药物治疗。存在3项及以上代谢心血管危险因素的聚集状态时称为代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MetS)。

1.3 统计学方法

采用Stata 15.0统计软件对数据进行统计分析。正态分布的计量资料以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布的计量资料以P25P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Logistic回归分析研究各观察指标对MAFLD发生和消退的影响。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 末次体检时发生MAFLD患者的基线特征及临床和代谢指标变化情况

最终纳入6 809例,平均随访时间为(52.1±13.5)个月,平均体检次数为(4.3±1.2)次。在6 809例体检人员中,基线时无MAFLD人数为4 533例(66.6%),其中15.6%(706/4 533)在末次体检时发生MAFLD,这些患者基线年龄较大,男性居多,体质量、BMI、腰围、臀围、血压、FBG、TG、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、ALT、AST水平及MetS占比明显高于未发生MAFLD人群(P值均<0.001);在末次体检时,对比基线指标,有更多的患者出现了体质量、腰围、臀围、TG、总胆固醇(TC)、ALT、AST的升高。同时,这部分人群基线HDL-C水平较低且在末次体检时较基线下降的人数占比也更多(P值均<0.05)。而无论末次体检时是否发生MAFLD,这些患者的基线TC水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表12)。对比末次体检指标,发生MAFLD的人群,其代谢紊乱水平及肝功能异常更显著(P值均<0.05)(表3)。

2.2 末次体检时MAFLD消退患者的基线特征及临床和代谢指标变化情况

在基线时,患有MAFLD人数为2 276例(33.4%),其中23.8%(542/2 276)在末次体检时出现MAFLD消退,这些患者基线年龄较小,女性居多,体质量、BMI、腰围、臀围、血压、TG、ALT、AST水平及MetS占比明显低于MAFLD未消退人群,并且有更多的患者在末次体检时出现体质量、腰围、臀围、血压、TG、TC、ALT、AST水平下降(P值均<0.05)。这部分患者基线时的HDL-C水平较高,并且在末次体检时升高的人数更多(P值均<0.05)。而无论末次体检时是否出现MAFLD消退,基线时血糖、TC、LDL-C水平在两组之间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表45)。对比末次体检指标,出现MAFLD消退的人群,其代谢紊乱水平及肝功能异常明显降低(P值均<0.05)(表6)。

2.3 MAFLD发生和消退的影响因素

多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高龄、男性以及体质量、腰围、TG、ALT的升高和HDL-C降低是MAFLD发生的独立危险因素(P值均<0.05)。而女性、体质量降低和HDL-C升高与MAFLD消退独立相关(P值均<0.05)(表7)。

3 讨论

新版MAFLD防治指南发布后,本研究首次描述了北京地区MAFLD患病率,自然病程及发生、消退的影响因素。

近期一项研究表明,MAFLD全球总患病率为25%,从非洲地区的13.5%到中东地区的31.8%不等7。Lee等8报道韩国MAFLD患病率为37.3%。各个国家患病率因环境、遗传及人群种族等差异而不同9。本研究中北京市体检人群MAFLD患病率在基线时为33.4%,在末次体检时为35.8%,略低于同处于亚洲的韩国。然而,由于对健康问题关注程度较高的人群更愿意参加健康体检,这一现象提示北京市MAFLD实际患病率可能更高,推测我国MAFLD人数众多,应重视MAFLD患者筛查,发现并干预危险因素,以降低远期不良结局发生的风险。

来自中国广东社区人群的一项横断面研究显示,MAFLD人群中高龄及男性患者较非MAFLD人群更多,并且与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常等代谢相关疾病数量呈正相关10。本研究中,在基线时无MAFLD,而在末次体检时发生MAFLD的患者,其基线年龄更长,与MAFLD的发生呈正相关;而女性人群发生MAFLD的可能性较低,且从MAFLD中恢复的机会更大。

以高体质量为代表的肥胖是MAFLD公认的危险因素,其中腹型肥胖被认为是包括MAFLD在内的代谢相关疾病的更可靠预测因素。腰围通常用于诊断腹型肥胖。Cen等11研究发现,对比非腹型肥胖人群,腹型肥胖人群中MAFLD患者明显增多。血脂异常是MAFLD患者常见的代谢特征。Lv等12研究发现,腰围增加、TG升高及HDL-C下降与MAFLD患病率升高密切相关,其中对肝脂肪变影响最大的因素为肥胖。然而,既往研究大多数为横断面设计,未观察体质量、腰围及血脂的变化量与MAFLD发生和消退的关系。本研究通过观察MAFLD自然病程,对比了MAFLD发生和消退人群中体质量、腰围的变化,结果显示,对比未发生MAFLD病情变化的患者,有更多的患者在MAFLD发生或消退时表现为体质量、腰围增加或减少。在发生MAFLD的人群中,对比基线,有更多数量的患者出现了TG水平的升高及HDL-C水平的下降,而在MAFLD消退人群中,则更多患者表现为TG水平的下降及HDL-C水平的升高。其中,体质量及HDL-C的变化对MAFLD的发生和消退均有显著影响。体质量的增加及HDL-C的下降与MAFLD的发生呈正相关,反之,则促进MAFLD的消退。既往有研究表明,在超重/肥胖脂肪肝患者中,减重呈剂量依赖的方式改善代谢紊乱及肝损伤13-14。在瘦人脂肪肝患者中,较低幅度的体质量下降就可以达到脂肪肝缓解或恢复的目的15。由此提示MAFLD患者均应进行减重治疗。

肝纤维化是影响MAFLD患者预后的关键因素,而代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(MASH)可促进肝纤维化进展,使肝硬化或肝癌患病率显著升高。Liu等16研究发现,MAFLD患者ALT水平显著升高,并且基于肝穿刺活检结果证实,ALT水平与MASH独立相关。在本研究中,虽然未进行肝穿刺活检以将MASH患者单独分组,但结果仍提示MAFLD患者ALT水平显著高于非MAFLD人群,与既往研究结果是一致的。本研究在观察MAFLD自然病程中发现,在发生MAFLD的人群中,有更多的患者出现了ALT升高,而在MAFLD消退人群中,出现ALT下降的患者更多,其增加量是MAFLD发生的独立危险因素。

本研究存在一定局限性,仅入组了北京市的体检人群,其流行病学数据是否适用于全国人群有待更多研究结果的证实。

综上所述,本研究结果显示MAFLD患病率较高,与非MAFLD人群相比,代谢异常及肝功能异常更显著。男性群体更易罹患MAFLD,而体质量下降及HDL-C升高与MAFLD消退呈正相关。上述结果提示对MAFLD进行早期筛查的重要性,特别是在高风险群体中,以期通过识别并干预相关危险因素,促进MAFLD病情减轻或逆转,进而有效降低MAFLD相关严重不良预后的发生率,从而减轻国家的医疗负担。

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基金资助

北京市属医院科研培育计划项目(PX2023061)

2021年度院内中青年人才孵育项目(YNKTXF2021003)

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